Urethral Reconstruction in a Reference Center in Eastern Colombia / Reconstrucción uretral en un centro de referencia del oriente colombiano

Introduction and Objectives Urethral stricture is a complex pathology of multiple etiologies, and of unknown incidence in our country. There are multiple options for the management of urethral stricture, from minimally invasive procedures, like urethral dilation or direct vision internal urethrotomy, to open surgical reconstruction using excision and primary anastomosis (EPA), or augmented urethroplasty with tissue graft. The aim of the present study is to describe the characteristics of the patients managed with urethral reconstructive surgery in a reference center in eastern Colombia. Methods Observational retrospective cohort study. Data was obtained from patients undergoing urethral reconstructive surgery at the institution from August 2013 to December 2017. All of the surgeries were performed by the same surgical team. The clinical and demographic variables were collected, and the validated urethral stricture surgery patient-reported outcome measure (USS-PROM) questionnaire was applied. Results A total of 56 patients were included in the study, 26 patients (46.4%) underwent excision and primary anastomosis (EPA), and 30 (53.6%) underwent graft urethroplasty. The average age at the time of the intervention was 53.3 years old. The most frequent etiology was trauma, and the mean length of the stenosis was 1.7 cm for the EPA group, and 3 cm for the graft urethroplasty group (p = 0.009). A history of previous surgery was found in 66% of the patients, and radiotherapy in 2 patients. The mean follow-up was of 14 months (range: 0­52 months), observing similar success rates for both techniques. Despite of the small sample size, when analyzing the Kaplan-Meier curves, we observed a tendency of a better response in the group without previous treatments and with stenosis with a length < 2 cm. The rate of postoperative complications was of 23%, with no statistical difference between the 2 groups. The USS-PROM questionnaire was applied to 29 patients, finding that 27 out of 29 respondents were satisfied with the results of the procedure, and all of them would recommend it to another person. Conclusions The results of our study show that urethral reconstruction surgery performed in an experienced center is associated with a good success rate, and that patients are satisfied with the result of the proce

Introducción y objetivos La estrechez uretral es una patología compleja, de etiología múltiple e incidencia aún desconocida en nuestro país. Existen múltiples opciones de manejo dependiendo de las características de la estrechez, desde procedimientos mínimamente invasivos, como la dilatación uretral o uretrotomía interna, hasta la reconstrucción uretral abierta mediante escisión y anastomosis primaria (EPA) o cirugía de ampliación con injerto. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las características de los pacientes llevados a cirugía reconstructiva uretral en un centro de referencia del oriente colombiano. Métodos Estudio observacional de cohorte retrospectiva. Se obtuvieron datos de pacientes sometidos a cirugía reconstructiva uretral en la institución desde agosto de 2013 hasta diciembre de 2017. Todas las cirugías fueron realizadas por un mismo equipo quirúrgico. Se recolectaron las variables clínicas y demográficas, y se aplicó el cuestionario USS PROM validado a español. Resultados Se incluyeron 56 pacientes en el estudio: 26 pacientes (46,4%) fueron sometidos a EPA y 30 (53,6%), a uretroplastía con injerto. La edad media al momento de la intervención fue de 53,3 años. La etiología más frecuente fue traumática, y la longitud media de la estenosis fue de 1,7 cm para el grupo de EPA, y de 3 cm para el grupo de uretroplastía con injerto (p = 0.009). Se encontró antecedente de cirugía en 66% de los pacientes, y radioterapia en 2 pacientes. La media de seguimiento fue de 14 meses (0­52 meses), observando una tasa de éxito similar para ambas técnicas. A pesar de la muestra pequeña, al analizar las curvas de Kaplan-Meier observamos una tendencia a una mejor respuesta en aquellos pacientes sin tratamientos previos, y con estenosis menor de 2 cm. La tasa de complicaciones postoperatorias fue de 23%, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos. Se aplicó telefónicamente el cuestionario USS PROM a 29 pacientes, y se encontró que 27/29 estaban satisfechos con el resultado de la cirugía, y todos la recomendarían a otra persona. Conclusiones Los resultados de nuestro estudio muestran que la cirugía de reconstrucción uretral realizada en un centro con experiencia se asocia a una buena tasa de éxito, y que los pacientes se encuentran satisfechos con el resultado de esta.

Laparoscopic port-site metastasis as the manifestation of neuroendocrine prostate cancer: Case report and literature review.

INTRODUCTION: The neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer is a rare entity that may occur as de novo, or as a result of treatment with androgen deprivation. It is characterized by its rapid progression and poor prognosis, without elevation of the prostate specific antigen (PSA), which is why it is often diagnosed by biopsy of a site of metastasis; there are no established treatment regimens. In this case, metastasis was presented as implantation to a laparoscopic port. These implantations subsequent to laparoscopic procedures in prostate cancer are very rare, with an incidence between 0.09 and 0.7%. The exact pathogenesis of the tumor implantation at the insertion site is not clear, there are several theories. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We describe the case of a 53-year-old patient with a diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma who underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy plus lymphadenectomy, staged as PT3BN0 (0/6) M0R1 Gleason 4 + 5. The patient never had negative PSA levels after the treatment, and presented elevation of the same, so radiotherapy was performed at a dose of 66 Gy plus antiandrogen deprivation therapy with leuprolide acetate for 30 months, with a decrease in PSA to 0.011 ng/ml, which remained stable. After 3 months of hormonal therapy, he presented with an umbilical mass on the scar of the laparoscopic port; ultrasound and computed tomography were performed, showing a solid mass dependent of the umbilical upper edge with a defect in the abdominal wall of 3 cm, as well as hepatic nodules suggestive of metastatic lesions and peritoneal implantations. RESULTS: A biopsy of the abdominal wall lesion was performed, documenting poorly differentiated carcinoma with an immune-profile consistent with neuroendocrine carcinoma; immunohistochemistry showed strong and diffuse positivity with cytokeratin cocktail and chromogranin. In conjunction with oncology, treatment with chemotherapy was decided. He received six cycles of cisplatin and etoposide, with progression of his disease and death seven months after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation is a rare entity, usually occurring in the castration resistance stage, with poor prognosis and survival of less than 1 year. It presents as clinical and radiological progression without elevation of the PSA. Although it is very rare, the possible causes include tumor implantation in laparoscopic ports and/or open surgery scars, so caution and certain precautions must be taken when performing radical prostatectomy. In case of suspecting a tumor with neuroendocrine differentiation, biopsy and immunohistochemistry studies should be performed in order to clarify the diagnosis and provide a multimodal treatment based on surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.