ABSTRACT
To experience sexual violence and abuse is to experience silence. This commentary explores some of the ways in which psychiatry reinforces the silencing of sexual violence survivors. We argue that current psychiatric responses to sexual violence typically constitute iatrogenic harm including through: a failure to provide services that meet survivors' needs, a failure to believe or validate disclosures; experiences of medicalisation and diagnoses which can delegitimise people's own knowledge and meaning; 'power over' relational approaches which can prevent compassionate responses and result in staff having to develop their own coping strategies; and poorly addressed and reported experiences of sexual violence within psychiatric settings. We argue that these multiple forms of silencing have arisen in part because of biomedical dominance, a lack of support and training in sexual violence for staff, inconsistent access to structured, reflective supervision, and the difficulties of facing the horror of sexual violence and abuse. We then describe community-based and grassroots responses, and consider the potential of trauma-informed approaches. Whilst this paper has a UK focus, some aspects will resonate globally, particularly given that Western psychiatry is increasingly being exported around the globe.
Subject(s)
Mental Health Services , Rape/psychology , Sex Offenses/psychology , Health Services Research , HumansSubject(s)
Bile Duct Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic/diagnostic imaging , Cholangiocarcinoma/diagnostic imaging , Endosonography/methods , Situs Inversus/diagnostic imaging , Aged , Bile Duct Neoplasms/complications , Cholangiocarcinoma/complications , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Male , Situs Inversus/complicationsABSTRACT
We studied the presence of primary resistance to raltegravir (RAL), natural polymorphisms, and selection pressure on HIV-1 integrase. We found a high frequency of integrase polymorphisms related to the resistance to RAL and sequence stability. Further studies are needed to determine the importance of these polymorphisms to RAL resistance.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , Drug Resistance, Viral , HIV Infections/transmission , HIV-1/drug effects , Pyrrolidinones/pharmacology , Selection, Genetic , Amino Acid Sequence , Brazil/epidemiology , Female , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/virology , HIV Integrase/genetics , HIV-1/isolation & purification , Humans , Male , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Polymorphism, Genetic , Raltegravir Potassium , Sequence Homology, Amino Acid , Treatment FailureABSTRACT
The platinum mixed-phosphine complexes (SP-4,2)-[PtCl(8-MTT)(PPh3)(PTA)] (2) and cis-[Pt(8-MTT)2(PPh3)(PTA)] (3) (MTTH2 = 8-(methylthio)theophylline, PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) have been prepared from the precursor cis-[PtCl2(PPh3)(PTA)] (1), which has been fully characterized by X-ray diffraction determination. Antiproliferative activity tests indicated that the presence of one lipophilic PPh3 and one hydrophilic PTA makes 1-3 more active than the analogues bearing two PPh3 or two PTA. The reactivity of cis-[PtCl2(PPh3)2], cis-[PtCl2(PTA)2], and cis-[PtCl2(PPh3)(PTA)] with the bis(thiopurines) bis(S-8-thiotheophylline)methane (MBTTH2), 1,2-bis(S-8-thiotheophylline)ethane (EBTTH2), and 1,3-bis(S-8-thiotheophylline)propane (PBTTH2) has also been investigated. New binuclear complexes have been prepared and identified by spectroscopic techniques and their antiproliferative activities on T2 and SKOV3 cell lines evaluated.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Phosphinic Acids/chemistry , Phosphinic Acids/pharmacology , Platinum Compounds/chemical synthesis , Platinum Compounds/pharmacology , Theophylline/analogs & derivatives , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Crystallography, X-Ray , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Humans , Indicators and Reagents , Ligands , Metals/chemistry , Models, Molecular , Purines/chemistry , Theophylline/chemical synthesis , Theophylline/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Complexes [Pt(mu-N,S-8-TT)(PPh(3))(2)](2) (1), [Pt(mu-S,N-8-TT)(PTA)(2)](2) (2), [Pt(8-TTH)(terpy)]BF(4) (3), cis-[PtCl(8-MTT)(PPh(3))(2)] (4), cis-[Pt(8-MTT)(2)(PPh(3))(2)] (5), cis-[Pt(8-MTT)(8-TTH)(PPh(3))(2)] (6), cis-[PtCl(8-MTT)(PTA)(2)] (7), cis-[Pt(8-MTT)(2)(PTA)(2)] (8), and trans-[Pt(8-MTT)(2)(py)(2)] (9) (8-TTH(2) = 8-thiotheophylline; 8-MTTH = 8-(methylthio)theophylline; PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) are presented and studied by IR and multinuclear ((1)H, (31)P[(1)H]) NMR spectroscopy. The solid-state structure of 4 and 9 has been authenticated by X-ray crystallography. Growth inhibition of the cancer cells T2 and SKOV3 induced by the above new thiopurine platinum complexes has been investigated. The activity shown by complexes 4 and 9 was comparable with cisplatin on T2. Remarkably, 4 and 9 displayed also a valuable activity on cisplatin-resistant SKOV3 cancer cells.