ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Cannabis use is frequent among depressed patients and may lead to the so-called "amotivational syndrome", which combines symptoms of affective flattening and loss of emotional reactivity (i.e. the so-called "negative" symptomatology). The aim of this study was to investigate the negative symptomatology in depressed patients with concomitant cannabis use disorders (CUDs) in comparison with depressed patients without CUDs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-one patients with a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and concomitant CUD and fifty-one MDD patients were enrolled in the study. The 21-Item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the negative symptoms subscales of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were used to assess depressive and negative symptomatology. RESULTS: Patients with cannabis use disorders presented significantly more severe negative symptoms in comparison with patients without cannabis use (15.18 ± 2.25 vs 13.75 ± 2.44; t100 = 3.25 p = 0.002). DISCUSSION: A deeper knowledge of the "negative" psychopathological profile of MDD patients who use cannabis may lead to novel etiopathogenetic models of MDD and to more appropriate treatment approaches.
Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology , Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology , Marijuana Abuse/epidemiology , Marijuana Abuse/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Cannabis , Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Male , Marijuana Abuse/diagnosis , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine if a causal relationship exists between obstetric complications (OCs) severity and linear magnetic resonance (MR) measurements of brain atrophy in patients with schizophrenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Linear measurements of ventricular enlargement (bifrontal span, Evans ratio, and bicaudate ratio) and hippocampal atrophy (interuncal distance) were completed on MR images obtained in 47 patients with schizophrenia. Regression analysis was used to look at association with OCs severity, assessed by the "Midwife protocol" of Parnas and colleagues. The relationship between MR measurements and phenomenologic variables such as age at onset, illness duration, and exposure to antipsychotic medications was explored. The relationship between MR measurements, OCs severity, and symptom presentation was also investigated. RESULTS: OCs severity was significantly associated with MR measurements of ventricular enlargement (bifrontal span, Evans ratio). As the severity of OCs increased, bifrontal span and Evans ratio increased. This effect was independent of age at onset, illness duration, or even antipsychotic treatment. Interestingly, bifrontal span, Evans ratio, and OCs severity score all showed a significant positive correlation with hallucinatory symptomatology. CONCLUSION: Although confirmatory studies are needed, our findings would support the idea that environmental factors, in this case severe OCs, might partly contribute to ventricular abnormalities in schizophrenia.
Subject(s)
Brain/pathology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Obstetric Labor Complications/diagnosis , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Schizophrenia/etiology , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Obstetric complications may be an etiologically important factor in the development of schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the risk for developing schizophrenia in adult life is increased in individuals with more severe obstetric complications at birth. METHODS: To this end, mothers were interviewed to gather data about obstetric complications. The 'midwife protocol' of Parnas and colleagues was used to quantify the presence and entity of obstetric complications. We studied the frequency distribution and the severity of obstetric complications in 64 male DSM IV schizophrenic patients. The genetic load was reduced by using 81 brothers who were not psychiatric patients as controls. Odds ratios for the effects of obstetric complications, maternal age, birth order and birth weight were calculated using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: The only factor found to have a significant effect on the risk of schizophrenia was the overall measure of obstetric complications at birth. The history of obstetric complications was higher in schizophrenic patients than in their siblings. CONCLUSION: The results seem to confirm the hypothesis that obstetric complications may contribute to increased vulnerability to the disease, in addition to genetic risk factors.
