Increased glycemic variability results in abnormal differentiation of T cell subpopulation in type 2 diabetes patients.

AIMS: We aimed to investigate the association between glycemic variability (GV) and the abnormal differentiation of T-cell subpopulations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: In total, 108 hospitalized patients with T2DM were enrolled and divided into two subgroups (normal glycemic excursion (NGE) and high glycemic excursion (HGE)) according to their mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE) level. The MAGE was evaluated via continuous glucose monitoring for 72 h consecutively. Flow cytometry was used to determine the proportions of T cell subpopulations. RESULTS: The T helper (Th) 1 cell/Th2 cell ratio was significantly higher, and the proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) was significantly lower in the NGE group than in the HGE group (all P < 0.05). After fully adjusting for confounders, the MAGE was positively associated with the Th1 cell/Th2 cell ratio (ß = 0.370; P = 0.009) and negatively associated with the proportion of Tregs (ß = -0.554; P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The MAGE was an independent risk factor for abnormally high Th1 cell/Th2 cell ratio and proportion of Tregs. Abnormal differentiation of T cell subpopulations induced by GV may impair ß-cell function, aggravate insulin resistance, and contribute to the development of diabetic complications.

Disrupting circadian control of autophagy induces podocyte injury and proteinuria.

The circadian clock influences a wide range of biological process and controls numerous aspects of physiology to adapt to the daily environmental changes caused by Earth's rotation. The kidney clock plays an important role in maintaining tubular function, but its effect on podocytes remains unclear. Here, we found that podocytes expressed CLOCK proteins, and that 2666 glomerular gene transcripts (13.4%), including autophagy related genes, had 24-hour circadian rhythms. Deletion of Clock in podocytes resulted in 1666 gene transcripts with the loss of circadian rhythm including autophagy genes. Podocyte-specific Clock knockout mice at age three and eight months showed deficient autophagy, loss of podocytes and increased albuminuria. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequence analysis indicated autophagy related genes were targets of CLOCK in podocytes. ChIP-PCR further confirmed Clock binding to the promoter regions of Becn1 and Atg12, two autophagy related genes. Furthermore, the association of CLOCK regulated autophagy with chronic sleep fragmentation and diabetic kidney disease was analyzed. Chronic sleep fragmentation resulted in the loss of glomerular Clock rhythm, inhibition of podocyte autophagy, and proteinuria. Rhythmic oscillations of Clock also disappeared in high glucose treated podocytes and in glomeruli from diabetic mice. Finally, circadian differences in podocyte autophagy were also abolished in diabetic mice. Deletion Clock in podocytes aggravated podocyte injury and proteinuria in diabetic mice. Thus, our findings demonstrate that clock-dependent regulation of autophagy may be essential for podocyte survival. Hence. loss of circadian controlled autophagy may play an important role in podocyte injury and proteinuria.

Can green finance and environmental regulations promote carbon emission reduction? Evidence from China.

Carbon reduction has become a major challenge for China's economy in its transition toward sustainability. The government has been monitoring the behavior of enterprises through regulations to protect the environment, while green finance has rapidly developed in recent years as a new tool to reduce carbon emissions. Despite these measures, few studies have explored the interaction between these two drivers of carbon reduction. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the impact of green finance and environmental regulations on carbon emissions. To determine whether their coordination can lead to greater carbon reduction, the spatial spillover effect of this impact was also investigated. The results show that green finance can reduce carbon emissions and that the interaction of green finance with environmental regulations plays a significant positive role in reducing carbon emissions. Finally, this study concludes that the carbon reduction effects of green finance and environmental regulations have positive spillover effects on adjacent areas.

Induced Overexpression of B Cell-Activating Factor by Triiodothyronine Results in Abnormal B Cell Differentiation in Mice.

Breakdown of tolerance and abnormal activation in B cells is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease (GD) and high levels of thyroid hormones (THs) can drive the progression of GD. However, the interactions between THs and abnormal activation of B cells in the context of GD are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate B cell-activating factor (BAFF) mediating the cross talk between THs and B cells and the possible underlying mechanisms. A high-level triiodothyronine (T3) mouse model was used to verify T3-mediated induction of overexpression of BAFF and B cell abnormal differentiation. The possible promotion of BAFF overexpression in the mice spleen macrophages during polarization to M1 by T3 was also studied. We showed that high levels of T3 can induce BAFF overexpression and lead to abnormal differentiation of B cells in the mice. While the overexpression of BAFF was observed across many tissue types in the mice, high levels of T3 could induce M1 macrophages polarization by IFN (interferon-gamma)-γ in the spleen of the mice, which in turn generated BAFF overexpression. Our findings provide a novel insight into the interactions between the endocrine and immune systems, as well as provide insight into the role of TH in the pathogenesis of GD.

Activation of Toll-like receptor 4 by thyroid hormone triggers abnormal B-cell activation.

OBJECTIVE: Breakdown of tolerance and abnormal activation of B cells is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease (GD). High levels of thyroid hormones (THs) play important roles in GD progression. However, the interactions between THs and abnormal activation of B cells remain elusive. This study aimed to explore the effect of high levels of THs on TLR4 expression and abnormal B cell differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood samples were collected from patients with GD and healthy controls (HCs) to evaluate the frequency of B cells, their subsets, and TLR4 expression in B cells. A high-level T3 mouse model was used to study the interaction between THs and the TLR4 signalling pathway. RESULTS: We found that the frequencies of CD19+ , CD19+ TLR4+ , CD19+ CD86+ , and CD19+ CD138+ B cells were significantly higher, as were the expression levels of MRP8/MRP14 and MRP6 and MRP8, MRP14, and MRP6 messenger RNA (mRNA) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with GD. In high-level T3 mice models, the serum MRP8/MRP14 and MRP6 levels and the TLR4 mRNA expression in PBMCs were significantly higher. TLR4 mRNA, protein expression, and cytokines downstream of TLR4, such as myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and nuclear transcription factor-κB, were also increased in mouse spleen mononuclear cells. CONCLUSION: The present study indicated that high levels of T3 can induce abnormal differentiation and activation of B cells by promoting TLR4 overexpression and provide novel insights into the roles of THs in the pathogenesis of GD.

Effects of Glycemic Variability on Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Kidney Disease.

Purpose: To investigate the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), we evaluated the effects of short-term glycemic variability (GV) on the profile of T cell subpopulations. Methods: A total of 47 T2DM patients with normoalbuminuria, 47 microalbuminuria, and 49 macroalbuminuria were enrolled. The continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) determined the GV of enrolled patients. Flow cytometry was used to determine the proportion of T cell subpopulations. Results: The frequency of T helper (Th) 17 and Th1 cells significantly increased while regulatory T cells (Tregs) significantly decreased in the macroalbuminuria group compared to normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria groups (P < 0.01). The suppressive function of Tregs was significantly lower in the macroalbuminuria group than the normoalbuminuria group (P < 0.05). Compared with the normoalbuminuria group, the mean amplitude of glucose excursions (MAGE) of the macroalbuminuria group was significantly higher (P<0.05). Furthermore, there were negative associations between the proportion of Tregs and MAGE. Conclusions: Increased GV could decrease the proportion of Tregs and may impair their function. This may lead to increases in Th1 and Th17 cells, and some inflammatory cytokines, which might contribute to the development and progression of DKD in T2DM.

Hydrolytic Behavior of Novel Pesticide Broflanilide and Its Dissipative Properties in Different Types of Soils.

All pesticides are toxic by nature and pose short- or long-term safety risks to human or the environment, especially when they were used extensively and absence of safety measures. As a new insecticidal active compound with a novel mechanism of action, there is a serious inadequate of information on the hydrolytic behavior of broflanilide in the aqueous environment, as well as its degradation pattern in agricultural soils. In particular, the effects of temperature and pH of the aqueous environment on its hydrolytic behaviors and the dissipation pattern in different types of agricultural soils were still in a dark box. And the further understanding and insights into this insecticidal active ingredient were being deeply conditioned by these doubts. The hydrolysis behavior of broflanilide and the dissipation pattern in soil were systematically investigated by constructing hydrolysis systems with different temperatures and pH values, and conducting spiking experiments in different types of agricultural soil in the laboratory. The obtained results showed that the longest hydrolysis half-life of 10 mg/L broflanilide at 25 °C was 43.32 h (in pH 4.0 buffer), while it was only 12.84 h in pH 9.0 buffer. In pH 7.0 buffer, the hydrolysis rate of broflanilide exhibited a significant temperature dependence, as shown by the fact that for every 10 °C increase in the system temperature, the corresponding hydrolysis rate will increase about 1.5 times. The dissipation experiments in soils showed that broflanilide was most rapidly dissipated in fluvo-aquic soil (half-life of 1.94 days), followed by lime concretion black soil (half-life of 2.53 days) and cinnamon soil (half-life of 3.11 days), and slower in paddy soil (half-life of 4.03 days). It was indicated that broflanilide was a readily degradable pesticide in both aqueous environment and agricultural soil, and it was significantly affected by the temperature and pH of the system.

Soft Mechanical Metamaterials with Transformable Topology Protected by Stress Caching.

Maxwell lattices possess distinct topological states that feature mechanically polarized edge behaviors and asymmetric dynamic responses protected by the topology of their phonon bands. Until now, demonstrations of non-trivial topological behaviors from Maxwell lattices have been limited to fixed configurations or have achieved reconfigurability using mechanical linkages. Here, a monolithic transformable topological mechanical metamaterial is introduced in the form of a generalized kagome lattice made from a shape memory polymer (SMP). It is capable of reversibly exploring topologically distinct phases of the non-trivial phase space via a kinematic strategy that converts sparse mechanical inputs at free edge pairs into a biaxial, global transformation that switches its topological state. All configurations are stable in the absence of confinement or a continuous mechanical input. Its topologically-protected, polarized mechanical edge stiffness is robust against broken hinges or conformational defects. More importantly, it shows that the phase transition of SMPs that modulate chain mobility, can effectively shield a dynamic metamaterial's topological response from its own kinematic stress history, referred to as "stress caching". This work provides a blueprint for monolithic transformable mechanical metamaterials with topological mechanical behavior that is robust against defects and disorder while circumventing their vulnerability to stored elastic energy, which will find applications in switchable acoustic diodes and tunable vibration dampers or isolators.

Synthetically non-Hermitian nonlinear wave-like behavior in a topological mechanical metamaterial.

Topological mechanical metamaterials have enabled new ways to control stress and deformation propagation. Exemplified by Maxwell lattices, they have been studied extensively using a linearized formalism. Herein, we study a two-dimensional topological Maxwell lattice by exploring its large deformation quasi-static response using geometric numerical simulations and experiments. We observe spatial nonlinear wave-like phenomena such as harmonic generation, localized domain switching, amplification-enhanced frequency conversion, and solitary waves. We further map our linearized, homogenized system to a non-Hermitian, nonreciprocal, one-dimensional wave equation, revealing an equivalence between the deformation fields of two-dimensional topological Maxwell lattices and nonlinear dynamical phenomena in one-dimensional active systems. Our study opens a regime for topological mechanical metamaterials and expands their application potential in areas including adaptive and smart materials and mechanical logic, wherein concepts from nonlinear dynamics may be used to create intricate, tailored spatial deformation and stress fields greatly transcending conventional elasticity.

Stress-stress correlations reveal force chains in gels.

We investigate the spatial correlations of microscopic stresses in soft particulate gels using 2D and 3D numerical simulations. We use a recently developed theoretical framework predicting the analytical form of stress-stress correlations in amorphous assemblies of athermal grains that acquire rigidity under an external load. These correlations exhibit a pinch-point singularity in Fourier space. This leads to long-range correlations and strong anisotropy in real space, which are at the origin of force-chains in granular solids. Our analysis of the model particulate gels at low particle volume fractions demonstrates that stress-stress correlations in these soft materials have characteristics very similar to those in granular solids and can be used to identify force chains. We show that the stress-stress correlations can distinguish floppy from rigid gel networks and that the intensity patterns reflect changes in shear moduli and network topology, due to the emergence of rigid structures during solidification.

A peptide encoded by lncRNA MIR7-3 host gene (MIR7-3HG) alleviates dexamethasone-induced dysfunction in pancreatic ß-cells through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Dysfunction of pancreatic ß-cells induced by glucocorticoids contributes to diabetes mellitus development. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been recognized to contain short open reading frames (ORFs) that can be translated into functional small peptides. Here, we investigated whether the short peptide encoded by the lncRNA MIR7-3 host gene (MIR7-3HG) can affect dexamethasone (DEX)-induced ß-cell dysfunction. METHODS: Bioinformatics analysis was used for selection of MIR7-3HG and prediction of its protein encoding potential. The small peptide was identified by a western blot method. The cell-permeable TAT was fused into MIR7-3HG ORF to produce the cell-permeable fusion peptide (TAT-MIR7-3HG-ORF). The effects of TAT-MIR7-3HG-ORF on DEX-induced ß-cell dysfunction were evaluated by examining cell viability, apoptosis, insulin secretion, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. RESULTS: DEX induced ß-TC6 cell dysfunction by impairing cell viability, insulin secretion and promoting cell apoptosis and ROS generation. The MIR7-3HG ORF could encode a 125-amino-acid-long short peptide. TAT-MIR7-3HG-ORF effectively transduced into ß-TC6 cells and attenuated DEX-induced dysfunction in ß-TC6 cells. Moreover, transduced TAT-MIR7-3HG-ORF reversed DEX-mediated inhibition of the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT pathway partially abolished the alleviative effect of transduced TAT-MIR7-3HG-ORF on DEX-induced ß-TC6 cell dysfunction. CONCLUSION: The lncRNA MIR7-3HG encodes a short peptide, which can protect pancreatic ß-cells from DEX-induced dysfunction by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. Our study broadens the diversity and breadth of lncRNAs in human disorders.

Voltage-Modulated Untwist Deformations and Multispectral Optical Effects from Ion Intercalation into Chiral Ceramic Nanoparticles.

Reconfiguration of chiral ceramic nanostructures after ion intercalation should favor specific nanoscale twists leading to strong chiroptical effects.  In this work, V2 O3 nanoparticles are shown to have "built-in" chiral distortions caused by binding of tartaric acid enantiomers to the nanoparticle surface. As evidenced by spectroscopy/microscopy techniques and calculations of nanoscale chirality measures, the intercalation of Zn2+ ions into the V2 O3 lattice results in particle expansion, untwist deformations, and chirality reduction. Coherent deformations in the particle ensemble manifest as changes in sign and positions of circular polarization bands at ultraviolet, visible, mid-infrared (IR), near-IR (NIR), and IR wavelengths. The g-factors observed for IR and NIR spectral diapasons are ≈100-400 times higher than those for previously reported dielectric, semiconductor, and plasmonic nanoparticles. Nanocomposite films layer-by-layer assembled (LBL) from V2 O3 nanoparticles reveal cyclic-voltage-driven modulation of optical activity. Device prototypes for IR and NIR range problematic for liquid crystals and other organic materials are demonstrated. High optical activity, synthetic simplicity, sustainable processability, and environmental robustness of the chiral LBL nanocomposites provide a versatile platform for photonic devices. Similar reconfigurations of particle shapes are expected for multiple chiral ceramic nanostructures, leading to unique optical, electrical, and magnetic properties.

Impact of environmental regulations on the industrial eco-efficiency in China-based on the strong porter hypothesis and the weak porter hypothesis.

As an important indicator of sustainable development, industrial eco-efficiency (IEE) has aroused growing attention from governments all over the world including China, in recent decades. The Chinese government has introduced numerous environmental regulations; however, the environmental pollution issue does not appear to have been solved. Moreover, although several earlier studies have shown that environmental regulations may promote innovation, there is no consensus on their ultimate effects on IEE. Therefore, this study took a critical look at the connection between environmental regulations and IEE in 36 Chinese sub-sectors from 2009 to 2018. Based on the weak Porter hypothesis (weak PH) and strong Porter hypothesis (strong PH), this paper constructed two panel regression models and conducted group analysis by pollution intensity to check the relationships among environmental regulations, technological innovation, and IEE. It was found that environmental regulations can improve technological innovation and IEE, but these impacts vary across different pollution groups. Specifically, environmental regulations have a U-shaped or inverted U-shaped relationship with technological innovation and IEE. Of the 36 sub-sectors, 26 prove the existence of the Weak PH while 10 verify the Strong PH, indicating that environmental regulations generally advocate technological innovation for most sub-sectors but only promote IEE in a few sub-sectors at present. Finally, differentiated policy implications for environmental regulations and technological innovation are provided for decision-makers.

Rationalizing Euclidean Assemblies of Hard Polyhedra from Tessellations in Curved Space.

Entropic self-assembly is governed by the shape of the constituent particles, yet a priori prediction of crystal structures from particle shape alone is nontrivial for anything but the simplest of space-filling shapes. At the same time, most polyhedra are not space filling due to geometric constraints, but these constraints can be relaxed or even eliminated by sufficiently curving space. We show using Monte Carlo simulations that the majority of hard Platonic solids self-assemble entropically into space-filling crystals when constrained to the surface volume of a 3-sphere. As we gradually decrease curvature to "flatten" space and compare the local morphologies of crystals assembling in curved and flat space, we show that the Euclidean assemblies can be categorized as either remnants of tessellations in curved space (tetrahedra and dodecahedra) or nontessellation-based assemblies caused by large-scale geometric frustration (octahedra and icosahedra).

Significance of thyroid dysfunction in the patients with primary membranous nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid dysfunction is common in patients with nephrotic syndrome, especially patients with primary membranous nephropathy (pMN). In view of both MN and thyroid dysfunction are associated with autoimmunity, the current study aimed to elucidate the significance of thyroid dysfunction in patients with pMN. METHODS: Four hundred and twenty patients with biopsy-proven pMN from 2018-2021 were retrospectively enrolled. Clinical and pathological parameters, and treatment response of patients with and without thyroid dysfunction were analyzed. RESULTS: Ninety-one (21.7%) patients with pMN suffered from thyroid dysfunction, among which subclinical hypothyroidism (52.7%) was the main disorder. Compared to patients with normal thyroid function, patients with thyroid dysfunction presented with a higher level of proteinuria, a lower level of serum albumin, a higher level of serum creatinine and more severe tubulointerstitial injury at the time of biopsy. But the positive rate and level of circulating anti-phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) antibody were comparable between these two groups. Though following the similar treatment, the percentage of no response to treatment were significantly higher in the patients with thyroid dysfunction (38.6 vs. 20.0%, P = 0.003). Similar to the urinary protein and the positivity of anti-PLA2R antibody, multivariate COX analysis showed thyroid dysfunction was also identified as an independent risk factor for the failure to remission (HR = 1.91, 95%CI, 1.07-3.40, P = 0.029). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, thyroid dysfunction is common in the patients with pMN and might predict a severe clinical manifestation and a poor clinical outcome, which indicated that the thyroid dysfunction might be involved in the disease progression of pMN.

Topological transformability and reprogrammability of multistable mechanical metamaterials.

Concepts from quantum topological states of matter have been extensively utilized in the past decade to create mechanical metamaterials with topologically protected features, such as one-way edge states and topologically polarized elasticity. Maxwell lattices represent a class of topological mechanical metamaterials that exhibit distinct robust mechanical properties at edges/interfaces when they are topologically polarized. Realizing topological phase transitions in these materials would enable on-and-off switching of these edge states, opening opportunities to program mechanical response and wave propagation. However, such transitions are extremely challenging to experimentally control in Maxwell topological metamaterials due to mechanical and geometric constraints. Here we create a Maxwell lattice with bistable units to implement synchronized transitions between topological states and demonstrate dramatically different stiffnesses as the lattice transforms between topological phases both theoretically and experimentally. By combining multistability with topological phase transitions, this metamaterial not only exhibits topologically protected mechanical properties that swiftly and reversibly change, but also offers a rich design space for innovating mechanical computing architectures and reprogrammable neuromorphic metamaterials. Moreover, we design and fabricate a topological Maxwell lattice using multimaterial 3D printing and demonstrate the potential for miniaturization via additive manufacturing. These design principles are applicable to transformable topological metamaterials for a variety of tasks such as switchable energy absorption, impact mitigation, wave tailoring, neuromorphic metamaterials, and controlled morphing systems.

High levels of thyroid hormones promote recurrence of Graves' disease via overexpression of B-cell-activating factor.

BACKGROUND: Elevated thyroid hormone (TH) levels have been suggested to be associated with the pathological progression of Graves' disease (GD). However, direct evidence from clinical studies remains unclear. METHODS: Peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with or without the recurrence of Graves' hyperthyroidism (GH) and healthy donors. Thyroid tissue samples were obtained from patients with benign thyroid nodules. To assess the differentiation of autoreactive B cells, the expression of B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) and the proportion of CD11c+/-IgG+/- subsets of B cells stimulated by high levels of triiodothyronine (T3) in vivo and in vitro were examined by ELISA, flow cytometry, western blotting, and qRT-PCR. RESULTS: Serum BAFF levels in patients with GD were significantly and positively correlated with FT3, FT4, and TRAb levels. Furthermore, the ratio of abnormally differentiated CD11c+ autoreactive B cells positively correlated with BAFF and TRAb. High levels of triiodothyronine (T3) induced BAFF overexpression in thyroid follicular cells and mononuclear cells of the normal thyroid in vitro, thereby promoting the differentiation of CD11c+IgG+ autoreactive secretory B cells (ASCs). However, the precise knockdown of BAFF expression significantly inhibited the abnormal differentiation of ASCs. CONCLUSION: The pathological progression of GD was prolonged and exacerbated by autoimmune positive feedback modulation caused by high TH levels. BAFF could be considered a potential target for localized thyroid immunosuppressive treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism recurrence.

Omnimodal topological polarization of bilayer networks: Analysis in the Maxwell limit and experiments on a 3D-printed prototype.

Periodic networks on the verge of mechanical instability, called Maxwell lattices, are known to exhibit zero-frequency modes localized to their boundaries. Topologically polarized Maxwell lattices, in particular, focus these zero modes to one of their boundaries in a manner that is protected against disorder by the reciprocal-space topology of the lattice's band structure. Here, we introduce a class of mechanical bilayers as a model system for designing topologically protected edge modes that couple in-plane dilational and shearing modes to out-of-plane flexural modes, a paradigm that we refer to as "omnimodal polarization." While these structures exhibit a high-dimensional design space that makes it difficult to predict the topological polarization of generic geometries, we are able to identify a family of mirror-symmetric bilayers that inherit the in-plane modal localization of their constitutive monolayers, whose topological polarization can be determined analytically. Importantly, the coupling between the layers results in the emergence of omnimodal polarization, whereby in-plane and out-of-plane edge modes localize on the same edge. We demonstrate these theoretical results by fabricating a mirror-symmetric, topologically polarized kagome bilayer consisting of a network of elastic beams via additive manufacturing and confirm this finite-frequency polarization via finite element analysis and laser-vibrometry experiments.

Band Theory and Boundary Modes of High-Dimensional Representations of Infinite Hyperbolic Lattices.

Periodic lattices in hyperbolic space are characterized by symmetries beyond Euclidean crystallographic groups, offering a new platform for classical and quantum waves, demonstrating great potential for a new class of topological metamaterials. One important feature of hyperbolic lattices is that their translation group is nonabelian, permitting high-dimensional irreducible representations (irreps), in contrast to abelian translation groups in Euclidean lattices. Here we introduce a general framework to construct wave eigenstates of high-dimensional irreps of infinite hyperbolic lattices, thereby generalizing Bloch's theorem, and discuss its implications on unusual mode counting and degeneracy, as well as bulk-edge correspondence in hyperbolic lattices. We apply this method to a mechanical hyperbolic lattice, and characterize its band structure and zero modes of high-dimensional irreps.

High triiodothyronine levels induce myocardial hypertrophy via BAFF overexpression.

Activated B cells contribute to heart diseases, and inhibition of B-cell activating factor (BAFF) expression is an effective therapeutic target for heart diseases. Whether activated B cells participate in the development and progression of hyperthyroid heart disease, and what induces B cells activation in hyperthyroidism are unknown. The present study aimed to determine the roles of BAFF overexpression induced by high concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) in the pathogenesis of hyperthyroid heart disease. Female C57BL/6J mice were subcutaneously injected with T3 for 6 weeks, and BAFF expression was inhibited using shRNA. Protein and mRNA expression of BAFF in mouse heart tissues evaluated via immunohistochemistry, western blotting and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Proportions of B cells in mouse cardiac tissue lymphocytes were quantified via flow cytometry. Morphology and left ventricle function were assessed using pathological sections and echocardiography, respectively. Here, we demonstrate that compared with the control group, the proportion of myocardial B cells was larger in the T3 group; immunohistochemistry, western blotting and PCR analyses revealed increased protein and mRNA expression levels of TNF-α and BAFF in heart tissues of the T3 group. Compared with the normal controls group, in the T3 group, the diameter of myocardial cells and some echocardiographic values significantly increased and hypertrophy and structural disorder were noticeable. Our results revealed that elevated levels of circulating T3 can promote the expression of BAFF in myocardial cells and can lead to B-cell activation, an elevated inflammatory response and ventricular remodelling.