Home- vs gym-based exercise delivery modes of two multicomponent intensity training regimes on cardiorespiratory fitness and arterial stiffness in adults with intellectual and developmental disability during the COVID-19 pandemic - a randomized controlled trial.

Background: We compared the effects of home- vs gym-based delivery modes of two 8-week supervised multicomponent intensity training regimes on cardiorespiratory fitness and arterial stiffness in 17 adults with intellectual and developmental disability during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Participants were assigned to sprint interval training or continuous aerobic training, both incorporating resistance training. The intervention started with 8-weeks of online training (M1-M2), 1-month of detraining, plus 8-weeks of gym-based training (M3-M4). Results: Peak oxygen uptake decreased from M1-M2 and increased from M2-M4. Central arterial stiffness decreased between M1-M2, and M1-M4, along with peripheral arterial stiffness. Central systolic blood pressure decreased from M1-M2 only with sprint interval training. Conclusion: Home-based training minimized the negative impact of the lockdown on central arterial stiffness and central blood pressure, but it did not match the benefits on cardiorespiratory fitness and peripheral arterial stiffness of a gym-based intervention, irrespective of the multicomponent intensity training regime. Registered in ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05701943.

Post-acute exercise cardiovagal modulation in older male adults with and without type 2 diabetes.

PURPOSE: We examined heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) disease- and age-related response at 10-and 60-min after an acute high-intensity interval (HIIE) and moderate continuous exercise (MICE) in older adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and healthy young adults. METHODS: Twelve older male adults with (57-84 years) and without T2DM (57-76 years) and 12 healthy young male adults (20-40 years) completed an isocaloric acute bout of HIIE, MICE, and a non-exercise condition in a randomized order. Time and Wavelets-derived frequency domain indices of HRV and BRS were obtained in a supine position and offline over 2-min time-bins using Matlab. RESULTS: HIIE but not MICE reduced natural logarithm root mean square of successive differences (Ln-RMSSD) (d = - 0.85; 95% CI - 1.15 to - 0.55 ms, p < 0.001), Ln-high-frequency power (d = - 1.60; 95% CI - 2.24 to - 0.97 ms2; p < 0.001), and BRS (d = - 6.32; 95% CI - 9.35 to - 3.29 ms/mmHg, p < 0.001) in adults without T2DM (averaged over young and older adults without T2DM), returning to baseline 60 min into recovery. These indices remained unchanged in older adults with T2DM after HIIE and MICE. Older adults with T2DM had lower resting Ln-RMSSD and BRS than aged-matched controls (Ln-RMSSD, d = - 0.71, 95% CI - 1.16 to - 0.262 ms, p = 0.001; BRS d = - 3.83 ms/mmHg), 95% CI - 6.90 to - 0.76, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovagal modulation following acute aerobic exercise is intensity-dependent only in adults without T2DM, and appears age-independent. These findings provide evidence of cardiac autonomic impairments in older adults with T2DM at rest and following aerobic exercise.

Intra and inter-rater repeatability of brachial artery ultrasound estimates of flow-mediated slowing and flow-mediated dilation.

Flow-mediated slowing (FMS) is a non-invasive measure of endothelial function measured through reactive hyperemia-induced changes in pulse wave velocity (PWV). FMS is suggested to mitigate known pitfalls of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) including suboptimal repeatability and high-operator dependency. However, the few single-rater studies that examined FMS repeatability have shown controversial results and used only regional measurements of PWV, which might not reflect local brachial artery stiffness responses to reactive hyperemia. We assessed the inter- and intra-rater repeatability of ultrasound-based changes in local PWV (FMS) and diameter (FMD). Twenty-four healthy male participants aged 23-75 yr, were examined on two separate days. Reactive hyperemia-induced changes in PWV were calculated using a tailored R-script. The inter- and intra-rater repeatability were tested with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV), and the Bland-Altman plot estimates. The inter-rater repeatability of FMS (bias: -0.08%; ICC: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.65 to 0.93; CV: 11%) and FMD (bias: -0.02%; ICC: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.97 to 0.99; CV: 7%) showed overall good repeatability over different days. The intra-rater repeatability of FMD (1st rater: bias: 0.27%; ICC: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.78 to 0.96; CV: 14%; 2nd rater: bias: 0.60%; ICC: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.64 to 0.94; CV: 18%) was better than FMS (1st rater: bias: -1.03%; ICC: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.44 to 0.91; CV: 21%; 2nd rater: bias:-0.49%; ICC: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.34 to 0.80; CV: 23%) but not different between raters. Ultrasound-based local measurements of PWV deceleration reactive hyperemia were repeatable among the raters.

Effects of kettlebell swing training on cardiorespiratory and metabolic demand to a simulated competition in young female artistic gymnasts.

We examined the effects of adding a Kettlebell Swing training program (KB) to the regular skill-training protocol (REGULAR) on cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiorespiratory/metabolic demand, and recovery to a simulated competition of female artistic gymnastics. Nine gymnasts (13±2 years) had their REGULAR complemented with a 4-week kettlebell training (REGULAR+KB), consisting of 3 sessions/week of 12x30" swings x 30" rest with » of their body weight, while 9 aged-matched gymnasts acted as a comparison group. Peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) during routines was estimated from the O2 recovery curve using backward extrapolation and off-kinetics parameters were modeled through a mono-exponential function. Heart rate (HR) was monitored continuously and capillary blood lactate (BLa-) was measured before and after each routine (1st and 3rd min). Cardiorespiratory fitness ([Formula: see text]) was evaluated using a ramp cycle ergometer test. A training-by-time interaction effect was observed for [Formula: see text] (p = 0.009) as increments were only observed after REGULAR+KB (M = 8.85, SD = 9.67 ml.kg.min-1). No training-by-time interactions were observed for HRpeak (p = 0.39), [Formula: see text] (p = 0.07), or La-post3 (p = 0.25), both training protocols reduced HRpeak (M = -12; SD = 11 b.min-1) and BLa-post1 (M = -0.70; SD = 1.29 mmol.L-1) during the simulated competition, but not relative [Formula: see text]. No training-by-time interaction was observed for the off-transient [Formula: see text] time constant (p = 0.38). [Formula: see text] recovery was slower (M = 5; SD = 10 s) after both protocols. Both training protocols improved cardiorespiratory and metabolic demands and recovery kinetics to a simulated competition of female artistic gymnastics, although increases in cardiorespiratory fitness were only observed in REGULAR+KB.

Repeatability of Brain Activity as Measured by a 32-Channel EEG System during Resistance Exercise in Healthy Young Adults.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is attracting increasing attention in the sports and exercise fields, as it provides insights into brain behavior during specific tasks. However, it remains unclear if the promising wireless EEG caps provide reliable results despite the artifacts associated with head movement. The present study aims to evaluate the repeatability of brain activity as measured by a wireless 32-channel EEG system (EMOTIV flex cap) during resistance exercises in 18 apparently healthy but physically inactive young adults (10 men and 8 women). Moderate-intensity leg press exercises are performed with two evaluations with 48 h. between. This intensity allows enough time for data analysis while reducing unnecessary but involuntary head movements. Repeated measurements of EEG during the resistance exercise show high repeatability in all frequency bands, with excellent ICCs (>0.90) and bias close to zero, regardless of sex. These results suggest that a 32-channel wireless EEG system can be used to collect data on controlled resistance exercise tasks performed at moderate intensities. Future studies should replicate these results with a bigger sample size and different resistance exercises and intensities.

The acute effect of maximal exercise on arterial stiffness in adults with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities.

We compared central and peripheral arterial stiffness response patterns between persons with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) of different age groups at rest and following a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Fifteen young adults with and without IDD, and 15 middle-aged adults without IDD performed a CPET. Central and peripheral arterial stiffness were measured at rest and following CPET using estimates of carotid-femoral (cfPWV), carotid-radial (crPWV), and carotid-ankle (cdPWV) pulse wave velocity derived from piezoelectric mechano-transducers. cfPWV remained unchanged following CPET in adults with and without IDD but increased in middle-aged adults (d = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.27-1.42 m·s-1, p = 0.005), whereas cdPWV was similarly reduced (d = -0.77; 95% CI: -1.06 to -0.48 m·s-1, p < 0.001) in all groups. crPWV remained unchanged in all groups. These results were independent of exercise-related changes in mean arterial pressure. Overall group differences suggested that persons with IDD (d = -1.78; 95% CI: -3.20 to -0.37 m·s-1, p = 0.009) and without IDD (d = -1.84; 95% CI: -3.26 to -0.43 m·s-1, p = 0.007) had lower cfPWV than middle-aged adults. We found no evidence of early vascular aging and diminished vascular reserve following CPET in adults with IDD.

Cardiovagal Modulation in Young and Older Male Adults Following Acute Aerobic Exercise.

We compared response patterns of cardiovagal modulation through heart-rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) indices at 10 and 60 min after an acute bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) in active young and older adults. Twelve young (aged 20-40 years) and older (aged 57-76 years) healthy and active male adults performed an isocaloric acute bout of HIIE, MICE, or a non-exercise condition in a randomized order. HRV and BRS indices were analyzed offline with R-R intervals obtained from a supine position. HIIE decreased natural logarithm (Ln) standard deviation of NN intervals (d=-0.53; 95% CI: -0.77 to -0.30 ms, p<0.001), Ln-root mean square of successive differences (d=-0.85; 95% CI: -1.09 to -0.61 ms, p<0.001), Ln-high-frequency power (d=-1.60; 95% CI: -2.11 to -1.10 ms2; p<0.001), and BRS (d=-6.28; 95% CI: -8.91 to -3.64 ms/mmHg, p<0.001) after exercise in young and older adults, whereas MICE did not. Indices returned to baseline after 60 min. We found no evidence of age-associated response patterns in HRV or BRS to a single bout HIIE or MICE in active participants. HIIE reduced cardiovagal modulation in active young and older adults, returning to baseline values 60 min into recovery.

Flow-mediated slowing shows poor repeatability compared with flow-mediated dilation in non-invasive assessment of brachial artery endothelial function.

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) deceleration to reactive hyperemia-flow-mediated slowing (FMS)-has been suggested as an alternative method to flow-mediated dilation (FMD) to evaluate brachial artery endothelial function. FMS is suggested to address major caveats of the FMD procedure including its suboptimal repeatability and high-operator dependency. However, the repeatability of FMS has not been thoroughly examined, especially given the plethora of methods claiming to measure PWV. We assessed and compared the intra- and inter-day repeatability of FMS as measured by piezoelectric pressure mechanotransducers placed in the carotid and radial arteries, and brachial artery FMD as measured by echo-tracking. Twenty-four healthy male participants aged 23-75 yr, were examined on three separate days to assess intra and inter-day repeatability. All FMD and FMS examinations were conducted simultaneously by the same researcher complying with standardized guidelines. Repeatability was examined with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC; >0.80), coefficient of variation (CV; <15%), and limits of agreement (95% LOA). Relative (%) FMD and FMS were scaled for baseline brachial artery diameter and PWV, respectively. Intra- (ICC: 0.72; CV: 136%; 95% LOA: -19.38 to 29.19%) and Inter-day (ICC: 0.69; CV: 145%, 95% LOA: -49.50 to 46.08%) repeatability of %FMS was poor, whereas %FMD demonstrated moderate-to-good intra- (ICC: 0.93; CV: 18%, 95% LOA: -3.02 to 3.75%) and inter-day repeatability (ICC: 0.74; CV: 25%, 95% LOA: -9.16 to 7.04%). Scaling FMD reduced the intra-day CV (-5%), and the uncertainty of the 95% LOA (- 37.64 to 35.69%) estimates of FMS. Carotid-radial artery FMS showed poorer repeatability compared to FMD.

Acute effects of exercise on cardiac autonomic function and arterial stiffness in patients with stable coronary artery disease.

Objectives. To examine the acute effect of a maximal aerobic exercise effort on aortic, peripheral arterial stiffness and cardiovagal modulation of trained and untrained patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Design. Cross-sectional study. Methods. Eighteen untrained patients with CAD, 18 trained patients with CAD, and 18 apparently healthy trained subjects were sampled and matched for age and body mass index. Aortic and peripheral stiffness were measured by applanation tonometry estimates of carotid-femoral (cfPWV), carotid-radial (crPWV), and carotid-dorsalis pedis pulse wave velocity (cdPWV), respectively. Cardiovagal modulation was assessed by heart-rate variability (HRV) indices including the standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals (SDNN), root-mean-square of successive differences (RMSSD), and the high-frequency power band (HF). cfPWV, crPWV, cdPWV, and HRV indices were measured at rest, 10 and 30 min following a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Results. No differences were observed between groups at rest nor over time in indices of HRV, cfPWV and cdPWV. Still, main effects of time were observed in cfPWV (p < .001; ɳ2 = 0.313) and cdPWV (p = .003, ɳ2 = 0.111), RMSSD (p < .001, ɳ2 = 0.352), HF (p < .001, ɳ2 = 0.265) and LF/HF (p = .001, ɳ2 = 0.239), as cdPWV, RMSSD, and HF were reduced 10 min following exercise, whereas cfPWV and LF/HF were increased. Changes in cPP were associated with changes in HRV from rest to min 10 (HF, r = 0.302), and to min 30 (HF, r = 0.377; SDNN, r = 0.357; RMSSD, r = 0.429). Conclusion. Training level and CAD do not seem to influence arterial stiffness and cardiac autonomic responses to maximal exercise.