Comparison of the Effects of Magnesium Sulfate and Remifentanil on Hemodynamic Responses During Tracheal Extubation After Laparotomy: A Randomized Double-blinded Trial.

BACKGROUND: Because blood pressure and heart rate (HR) elevations during tracheal extubation are common, different medications have been studied to prevent such complications. OBJECTIVES: To compare magnesium sulfate, remifentanil, and placebo regarding mean arterial pressure (MAP) and HR changes during/after tracheal extubation, in patients who underwent laparotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomized double-blinded trial, 120 patients undergoing laparotomy were evenly divided into three groups, including remifentanil (1 mcg/kg), magnesium sulfate (50 mg/kg), or normal saline, as placebo. Hemodynamic responses (MAP and HR) were documented at different times (before operation, during medication administration, immediately before extubation, immediately after extubation, and also 3, 5, and 10 minutes after extubation). The double burst time (DBT) was determined using neuromuscular monitoring, as time interval, between administration of reverse medication and DBT of 100%. RESULTS: The HR was significantly lower, immediately after extubation and 3, 5, and 10 minutes after extubation, in both magnesium and remifentanil groups, compared to normal saline (P < 0.001). The MAP was also lower in magnesium and remifentanil groups, immediately after extubation and 3 minutes after extubation, in comparison to the normal saline group (P < 0.001). Mean (± SD) DBT 100% was significantly higher in magnesium group (30.2 ± 15.3) vs. remifenatnil (13.6 ± 6.8) and normal saline (13.5 ± 8.2) groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Both remifentanil and magnesium had favorable outcomes in preventing HR and MAP elevation after tracheal extubation. However, remifentanil was associated with more rapid regaining of consciousness and reversal of muscular relaxation.

The Effect of Adding Sufentanil to 0.5% Hyperbaric Bupivacaine on Duration of Brachial Plexus Blockade in Chronic Opium Abusers: a Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Anesthesia induction in patients with current substance abuse can be a challenge for anesthesiologists. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding Sufentanil to Bupivacaine on duration of brachial plexus nerve block. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty patients with (Groups C and D) and without (Groups A and B) a history of opium abuse (60 in each group) scheduled for elective upper extremity procedures were randomly assigned to either receive 30 mL bupivacaine alone (Groups A and C) or in combination with additional 10 µg sufentanil (Groups B and D). An ultrasound-guided technique was applied to perform upper extremity brachial plexus blockade. The onset and duration of sensory and motor blocks were recorded and compared between the four groups. RESULTS: The duration of sensory and motor block were significantly less in Group C (537.0 ± 40.1 minutes, 479.0 ± 34.8 minutes) and the longest duration of sensory and motor block was observed in group B (705.0 ± 43.8 minutes, 640.0 ± 32.5 minutes). The duration of sensory and motor block in Group B (705.0 ± 43.8 minutes, 640.0 ± 32.5 minutes) was longer and statistically higher than group A (619.5 ± 48.0 minutes, 573.2 ± 31.5 minutes), the same trend was observed in group D (598.6 ± 53.2 minutes, 569.3 ± 39.9 minutes) over group C (537.0 ± 40.1 minutes, 479.0 ± 34.8 minutes) (P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA). CONCLUSIONS: The length of sensory and motor blockade is shorter in chronic opioid abusers. Adding 10 µg sufentanil to hyperbaric bupivacaine in opium abusers lengthened the sensory and motor block duration.

Attenuation of Hemodynamic Responses to Intubation by Gabapentin in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: a Randomized Clinical Trial.

A varieties of medications have been suggested to prevent hemodynamic instabilities following laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. This study was conducted to determine the beneficial effects of gabapentin on preventing hemodynamic instabilities associated with intubation in patients who were a candidate for coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). This double blinded randomized, parallel group clinical trial was carried out on 58 normotensive patients scheduled for elective CABG under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation in Shariati Hospital. Patients were randomly allocated to two groups of 29 patients that received 1200 mg of gabapentin in two dosages (600 mg, 8 hours before anesthesia induction and 600 mg, 2 hours before anesthesia induction) as gabapentin group or received talc powder as placebo (placebo group). Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured immediately before intubation, during intubation, immediately after intubation, 1 and 2 minutes after tracheal intubation. Inter-group comparisons significantly showed higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure and heart rate immediately before intubation, during intubation, immediately after intubation, 1 and 2 minutes after tracheal intubation in the placebo group in comparison to gabapentin group. The median of anxiety verbal analog scale (VAS) at the pre-induction room in gabapentin and placebo groups were 2 and 4, respectively that was significantly lower in the former group (P. value =0.04 ); however, regarding median of pain score no difference was observed between them (P. value =0.07). Gabapentin (1200 mg) given preoperatively can effectively attenuate the hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy, intubation and also reduce preoperative related anxiety in patients who were a candidate for CABG.

[A randomized, double blind trial of prophylactic fibrinogen to reduce bleeding in cardiac surgery]. / Estudo randômico e duplo-cego de profilaxia com fibrinogênio para reduzir o sangramento em cirurgia cardíaca.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postoperative bleeding has a great clinical importance and can contribute to increased mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. In this prospective, randomized, double-blind study, we evaluated the effect of prophylactic administration of fibrinogen concentrate on post-coronary artery bypass graft surgery bleeding. METHODS: A total of 60 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in the fibrinogen group received 1g of fibrinogen concentrate 30min prior to the operation, while patients in the control group received placebo. Post-operative bleeding volumes, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, INR, hemoglobin and transfused blood products in both groups were recorded. A strict red blood cell transfusion protocol was used in all patients. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between intra-operative packed red blood cells infusion in the studied groups (1.0±1.4 in fibrinogen group, and 1.3±1.1 in control group). Less postoperative bleeding was observed in the fibrinogen group (477±143 versus 703±179, p=0.0001). Fifteen patients in the fibrinogen group and 21 in the control group required post-op packed red blood cells infusion (p=0.094). No thrombotic event was observed through 72h after surgery. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic fibrinogen reduces post-operative bleeding in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft.

A randomized, double blind trial of prophylactic fibrinogen to reduce bleeding in cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postoperative bleeding has a great clinical importance and can contribute to increased mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. In this prospective, randomized, double-blind study, we evaluated the effect of prophylactic administration of fibrinogen concentrate on post-coronary artery bypass graft surgery bleeding. METHODS: A total of 60 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in the fibrinogen group received 1g of fibrinogen concentrate 30 min prior to the operation, while patients in the control group received placebo. Post-operative bleeding volumes, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, INR, hemoglobin and transfused blood products in both groups were recorded. A strict red blood cell transfusion protocol was used in all patients. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between intra-operative packed red blood cells infusion in the studied groups (1.0±1.4 in fibrinogen group, and 1.3±1.1 in control group). Less postoperative bleeding was observed in the fibrinogen group (477±143 versus 703±179, p=0.0001). Fifteen patients in the fibrinogen group and 21 in the control group required post-op packed red blood cells infusion (p=0.094). No thrombotic event was observed through 72 h after surgery. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic fibrinogen reduces post-operative bleeding in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft.

A randomized, double blind trial of prophylactic fibrinogen to reduce bleeding in cardiac surgery / Estudo randômico e duplo-cego de profilaxia com fibrinogênio para reduzir o sangramento em cirurgia cardíaca / Estudio aleatorizado y doble ciego de profilaxis con fibrinógeno para reducir el sangrado en cirugía cardíaca

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postoperative bleeding has a great clinical importance and can contribute to increased mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. In this prospective, randomized, double-blind study, we evaluated the effect of prophylactic administration of fibrinogen concentrate on post-coronary artery bypass graft surgery bleeding. METHODS: A total of 60 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in the fibrinogen group received 1 g of fibrinogen concentrate 30 min prior to the operation, while patients in the control group received placebo. Post-operative bleeding volumes, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, INR, hemoglobin and transfused blood products in both groups were recorded. A strict red blood cell transfusion protocol was used in all patients. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between intra-operative packed red blood cells infusion in the studied groups (1.0 ± 1.4 in fibrinogen group, and 1.3 ± 1.1 in control group). Less postoperative bleeding was observed in the fibrinogen group (477 ± 143 versus 703 ± 179, p = 0.0001). Fifteen patients in the fibrinogen group and 21 in the control group required post-op packed red blood cells infusion (p = 0.094). No thrombotic event was observed through 72 h after surgery. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic fibrinogen reduces post-operative bleeding in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft. .

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: a hemorragia no período pós-operatório é de grande importância clínica e pode contribuir para o aumento da morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização coronária. Nesse estudo prospectivo, randômico e duplo-cego, avaliamos o efeito da administração profilática de concentrado de fibrinogênio sobre o sangramento após cirurgia de revascularização coronária. MÉTODOS: no total, 60 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização coronária foram randomicamente divididos em dois grupos. Os pacientes do grupo fibrinogênio receberam 1 g de concentrado de fibrinogênio 30 minutos antes da operação, enquanto os doentes do grupo controle receberam placebo. Os volumes de sangramento no pós-operatório, tempo de protrombina, tempo de tromboplastina parcial, INR, hemoglobina e hemoderivados transfundidos em ambos os grupos foram registrados. Um protocolo de conduta rigoroso para transfusão de hemácias foi usado em todos os pacientes. RESULTADOS: não houve diferenças significantes entre as infusões de concentrados de hemácias nos grupos estudados (1,0 ± 1,4 no grupo fibrinogênio e 1,3 ± 1,1 no grupo controle). O grupo fibrinogênio apresentou menos sangramento no pós-operatório (477 ± 143 versus 703 ± 179, p = 0,0001). Quinze pacientes do grupo fibrinogênio e 21 do grupo controle precisaram de infusão de concentrado de hemácias no pós-operatório (p = 0,094). Evento trombótico não foi observado durante 72 h após a cirurgia. CONCLUSÃO: profilaxia com fibrinogênio reduz o sangramento no período pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos à revascularização coronária. .

JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: la hemorragia en el período postoperatorio es de gran importancia clínica y puede contribuir al aumento de la morbimortalidad en pacientes sometidos a cirugía de revascularización del miocardio. En este estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado y doble ciego, evaluamos el efecto de la administración profiláctica del concentrado de fibrinógeno sobre el sangrado después de la cirugía de revascularización del miocardio. MÉTODOS: en total, 60 pacientes sometidos a cirugía de revascularización del miocardio fueron aleatoriamente divididos en 2 grupos. Los pacientes del grupo fibrinógeno recibieron 1 g de concentrado de fibrinógeno 30 min antes de la operación, mientras que los del grupo control recibieron placebo. Los volúmenes de sangrado en el postoperatorio, tiempo de protrombina, tiempo de tromboplastina parcial, INR, hemoglobina y hemoderivados transfundidos en ambos grupos fueron registrados. En todo los pacientes se usó un protocolo de conducta riguroso para la transfusión de hematíes. RESULTADOS: no hubo diferencias significativas entre las infusiones de concentrados de hematíes en los grupos estudiados (1 ± 1,4 en el grupo fibrinógeno y 1,3 ± 1,1 en el grupo control). El grupo fibrinógeno presentó menos sangrado en el postoperatorio (477 ± 143 versus 703 ± 179, p = 0,0001). Quince pacientes del grupo fibrinógeno y 21 del grupo control necesitaron infusión de concentrado de hematíes en el postoperatorio (p = 0,094). Ningún evento trombótico fue observado durante 72 h después de la cirugía. CONCLUSIÓN: la profilaxis con fibrinógeno reduce el sangrado en el período postoperatorio de pacientes sometidos a revascularización del miocardio. .

Comparing Two Different Doses of Intravenous Ondansetron With Placebo on Attenuation of Spinal-induced Hypotension and Shivering.

BACKGROUND: Side effects of spinal anesthesia are hypotension, bradycardia and shivering. Five-hydroxytriptamine (5-HT), a serotonergic receptor, may be an important factor associated with inducing the Bezold Jarish reflex (BJR) that may lead to the bradycardia and hypotension in the setting of decreased blood volume. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effect of intravenous administration of ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, which could attenuate spinal-induced hypotension, bradycardia and shivering. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred and ten patients aged 20-50 years old were scheduled for spinal anesthesia and were divided randomly into three equal groups. The control group received normal saline and intervention groups received 6 mg or 12 mg of intravenous ondansetron 5 minutes before spinal anesthesia. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and shivering were recorded before and after spinal anesthesia every 5 minutes during first 20 minutes of surgery. RESULTS: Demographic data were not statistically different among groups. HR was statistically different between the experimental groups and the control group. Ten patients (14%) in the control group had HR < 50 bpm, that required intravenous atropine compared to experimental groups (P =0.02). In the control group 12 (17%) patients had MAP < 80 mm Hg and required vasopressors compared to experimental groups (P = 0.04). There were no significant differences in MAP and HR between the experimental groups (P =0.06). Incidence of shivering in the control group was 45% (32.70) that was statistically more than experimental groups (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of two different doses of intravenous ondansetron, 6 mg and 12 mg, significantly attenuates spinal induced hypotension, bradycardia and shivering compared to the control saline group. However, the hemodynamic profiles and shivering in experimental groups were not statistically different.

Comparing the squatting position and traditional sitting position for ease of spinal needle placement: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: previous evidences suggested that traditional sitting position (flexion of knees approximately 90°, and adduction of hips while feet rest on a stool) and hamstring stretch position (sitting position with maximum extension of knees, adduction of hips, and forward bending) both reversed the lumbar lordosis and the number of spinal needle-bone contacts were identical when placing patients in these positions for neuraxial block. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we suggested that squatting position reverses the lumbar lordosis and reduces the number of spinal needle bone contacts better than a traditional sitting position. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred and thirty six patients ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologist) class I or II aged 18 to 75 years scheduled for elective surgeries under elective spinal anesthesia were randomized into two groups. We compared the traditional sitting and squatting positions. Our primary endpoint was the number of spinal needle-bone contacts, and secondary endpoint was ease of needle insertion or space identification. RESULTS: The total number of spinal needle bone contact was statistically lower in the squatting position compared to traditional sitting position group (222 versus 230 respectively, P = 0.01). Insertion of needle was easy in 97 (87%) and 94 (84%) of patients and difficult in 20 (18%) and 17 (15%) of patients in traditional sitting and squatting positions, respectively (P = 0.59 and P = 0.12). Needle insertion was not impossible in any patients. CONCLUSIONS: In squatting position the number of spinal needle-bone contacts was lower compared to the traditional sitting position, nonetheless ease of needle insertion or space identification was the same in the both groups.

Attenuation of hemodynamic responses following laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation -- comparative assessment of clonidine and gabapentin premedication.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted to compare the effect of clonidine and gabapentin premedication in modifying the hyperdynamic response following laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Seventy-five ASA I-II patients of both sexes (37 males (49.3%), 38 females (50.7%)) 18 to 45 years (mean 32.8 +/- 8.65 yr.) were randomly allocated into three equal groups (25 each). Group-1 received 0.2 mg clonidine, Group-2 received placebo and Group-3 received 900 mg gabapentin, 120 minute before operation. Heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure were measured before induction of anesthesia, before laryngoscopy, and 1, 3, 5, 10 min after intubation. RESULTS: Analysis revealed that the heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure significantly differed between groups (p<0.001, p = 0.003, p<0.001, p<0.001, respectively). The highest rates of heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure were in the placebo group and in one minute after laryngoscopy, and the lowest rate were in the gabapentin group at the time of 1, 3, 5 and 10 after laryngoscopy, except that the lowest rate of heart rate in 10 min after laryngoscopy was in clonidine group. CONCLUSION: The data propose that both clonidine and gabapentin have effective role in blunting hyperdynamic responses after laryngoscopy, more so with gabapentin.

A large left ventricular pseudoaneurysm in Behçet's disease: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Behçet's disease is a collagen-vascular disease most commonly seen in Asia and Mediterranean area. Different organs and systems including cardiovascular system could be involved. Pseudoaneurysm is the most common form of arterial involvement in Behçet's disease; however, cardiac pseudoaneurysm is rare. CASE PRESENTATION: A rare case of 13 years old boy with a 4-year history of Behçet's disease with development of a huge left ventricular pseudoaneurysm is reported who had been admitted because of cough, chills, fever, and chest pain. Findings obtained on echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, chest computed tomography and coronary angiography confirmed a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. There was no complication for next 24 months follow up period after surgical treatment. CONCLUSION: Considering its fatality and nonspecific manifestations, one should consider cardiac pseudoaneurysms as a potential risk in any patient with Behçet's disease.