ABSTRACT
Agro-industrial waste material such as non-edible deoiled Castor bean cake (CBC) is one of the most abundant sources for bioethanol demonstrating the feasibility of utilizing bioethanol as commercial biofuel. This is an alternative to mitigate fossil fuel dependence and carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere. The CBC was pretreated with the help of thionyl chloride at a temperature of 35 °C for residence time 25 min. Subsequently, CBC substrate obtained from pretreatment was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with T. viride concentration varying from 0.5 to 5 g L-1 at 35 °C, pH 6 for 48 h. Under optimized conditions the process integrating pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis for 48 h at 35 °C with pH 7 resulted in 76 g L-1 of reducing sugars from 100 g CBC. The obtained sugar was further fermented at 30 °C for 72 h with saccharomyces cerevisiae as a fermenting media which yields 37.5 g L-1 of bioethanol. A study of different particle sizes of CBC with BSS-5, BSS-10, BSS-20 was done for efficient enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation into bioethanol. On a pilot-scale 375 g L-1 of bioethanol was obtained from 1 kg of CBC with the same reaction conditions. The present study demonstrates optimized solid: liquid ratio 1:2 for hydrolysis, fermentation process, and the production cost for bioethanol per L. Figure S1 represents graphical abstract for the production of bioethanol from CBC in supplementary information.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The article reports basic science research that establishes that adipose tissue (AT)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a potential to transgerminal translation. STUDY DESIGN: MSC confirmation was obtained by phenotypic spindle-shaped cells as well as with four positive and three negative markers. The translineage translation of adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSCs) was established. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The lipoaspirate was subjected to enzymatic digestion with collagenase. Stromal vascular factor (SVF) was isolated. With two passages, pure culture of ADMSCs was obtained. They were translated to all the three germinal layers. RESULTS: AT-derived SVF contains ~30% MSCs. They are capable of being translated into endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. CONCLUSION: AT is a rich source for MSCs, with immense research possibilities for regeneration and rejuvenation.
ABSTRACT
AIM: Evaluation of safety in using unmatched human allogeneic umbilical cord blood cells for therapeutic use in individuals with non-haematopoietic degenerative conditions. BACKGROUND: The historical data and several recent immunological arguments suggest the therapeutic use of allogeneic Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells (CBMNCs), as these cells do not elicit immune response. Customarily, HLA matched cord blood MNCs are used along with prolonged immunosuppression in treatment of haematological conditions. Lately, unmatched CBMNCs are widely used in case of unavailability of HLA matched cord blood. There have been suggestions for using unmatched allogeneic cord blood MNCs for degenerative conditions without an immunoconditioning regimen. METHOD: 49 patients with non-haematopoietic degenerative conditions were treated with HLA-unmatched allogeneic hUCB MNCs. Intrathecal/I.V injections (1-2 million cells/kg body weight) were given. Clinical, biochemical and haematological adverse events were evaluated. RESULTS: The haematological and biochemical parameters showed no major deviation from the normal. Clinically, no acute adverse effects or GVHD were observed with the used dosage. CONCLUSION: This study supports/suggests clinical safety in therapeutic medical use of unmatched allogeneic CBMNCs when used at low dosage in non-haematopoietic degenerative conditions.
