Initiation and Single Dispensing in Cardiovascular and Insulin Medications: Prevalence and Explanatory Factors.

BACKGROUND: Adherence problems have negative effects on health, but there is little information on the magnitude of non-initiation and single dispensing. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of non-initiation and single dispensation and identify associated predictive factors for the main treatments prescribed in Primary Care (PC) for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes. METHODS: Cohort study with real-world data. Patients who received a first prescription (2013-2014) for insulins, platelet aggregation inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or statins in Catalan PC were included. The prevalence of non-initiation and single dispensation was calculated. Factors that explained these behaviours were explored. RESULTS: At three months, between 5.7% (ACEI) and 9.1% (antiplatelets) of patients did not initiate their treatment and between 10.6% (statins) and 18.4% (ACEI) filled a single prescription. Body mass index, previous CVD, place of origin and having a substitute prescriber, among others, influenced the risk of non-initiation and single dispensation. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of non-initiation and single dispensation of CVD medications and insulin prescribed in PC in is high. Patient and health-system factors, such as place of origin and type of prescriber, should be taken into consideration when prescribing new medications for CVD and diabetes.

Impact of initial medication non-adherence to SSRIs on medical visits and sick leaves.

BACKGROUND: Initial medication non-adherence (IMNA) to antidepressants, which are commonly used to treat depression in primary care (PC), is around 6-12%. Although it is well known that post-initial non-adherence to antidepressants increases the cost of depression, the impact of IMNA on cost is unknown. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of IMNA to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) on medical visits and sick leave in patients with depression treated in PC in Catalonia (Spain). METHODS: This was a four-year retrospective register-based study (2011-2014). All PC patients of working age who received a new SSRI prescription and had a diagnosis of depression were included (N = 79,642). Treatment initiation, number of visits and days on sick leave were gathered from the database. We assessed the impact of IMNA on costs with ordered logistic regressions. RESULTS: The 3-year incidence of IMNA was 15%. Initially non-adherent patients made a lesser number of GP visits (OR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.79-0.84) but had more days on sick leave (OR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.20-1.31). There were no differences in the number of specialist visits (OR = 1.04; 95% CI = 0.99-1.08). LIMITATIONS: Differences between adherent and non-adherent patients could be explained by non-observed variables. GP recognition and documentation of depression might be inaccurate. Costs of unpaid work and use of hospital services were not considered. CONCLUSIONS: Although IMNA decreases the use of medical PC services, it increases the number of days on sick leave. This could also indicate worse health status. These consequences are currently overlooked when considering post-initial medication non-adherence.

Impact of initial medication non-adherence on use of healthcare services and sick leave: a longitudinal study in a large primary care cohort in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Initial medication non-adherence is highly prevalent in primary care but no previous studies have evaluated its impact on the use of healthcare services and/or days on sick leave. AIM: To estimate the impact of initial medication non-adherence on the use of healthcare services, days of sick leave, and costs overall and in specific medication groups. DESIGN AND SETTING: A 3-year longitudinal register-based study of all primary care patients (a cohort of 1.7 million) who were prescribed a new medication in Catalonia (Spain) in 2012. METHOD: Thirteen of the most prescribed and/or costly medication subgroups were considered. All medication and medication subgroups (chronic, analgesics, and penicillin) were analysed. The number of healthcare services used and days on sick leave were considered. Multilevel multivariate linear regression was used. Three levels were included: patient, GP, and primary care centre. RESULTS: Initially adherent patients made more use of medicines and some healthcare services than non-adherent and partially adherent patients. They had lower productivity losses, producing a net economic return, especially when drugs for acute diseases (such as penicillins) were considered. Initial medication non-adherence resulted in a higher economic burden to the system in the short term. CONCLUSION: Initial medication non-adherence seems to have a short-term impact on productivity losses and costs. The clinical consequences and long-term economic consequences of initial medication non-adherence need to be assessed. Interventions to promote initial medication adherence in primary care may reduce costs and improve health outcomes.

Impacto de una intervención farmacéutica en la prevención de recaídas en depresión en atención primaria / Impact of pharmaceutical intervention in preventing relapses in depression in Primary Care

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el impacto a largo plazo de una intervención farmacéutica (IF) respecto a la atención habitual (AH) en la prevención de recaídas en depresión. DISEÑO: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado (estudio PRODEFAR). Emplazamiento: Atención primaria. PARTICIPANTES: Ciento setenta y nueve pacientes con depresión mayor que inician antidepresivos, de estos, se seleccionaron para este análisis secundario los 113 cuyos síntomas habían remitido (definición principal) a los 6 meses (grupo intervención [GI] = 58; grupo control [GC] = 55). Intervención: Se realizó una entrevista personal en la farmacia comunitaria para mejorar la adhesión terapéutica durante la dispensación de medicación. MEDICIONES PRINCIPALES: Se realizaron 3 mediciones (línea base, 3 y 6 meses). La gravedad de síntomas depresivos (PHQ-9) fue evaluada a los 6 meses y se seleccionaron aquellos pacientes que presentaban remisión. Se revisaron sus historias clínicas para identificar recaídas, mediante 4 indicadores, en los siguientes 12 meses. RESULTADOS: La proporción de recaídas (variable principal) fue menor en el GI respecto al GC a los 18 meses de haber iniciado el tratamiento, pero la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa, ni en análisis por intención de tratar (OR = 0,734 [IC 95% 0,273;1,975]) ni en el análisis por protocolo (OR = 0,615 [95% CI 0,183; 2,060]). Todos los análisis de sensibilidad mostraron resultados consistentes. El tamaño de la muestra y la adhesión al protocolo en el GI fueron bajos. CONCLUSIÓN: El GI mostró una tendencia no significativa a presentar un menor número de recaídas. Esto podría relacionarse con la mejora en la adhesión entre los pacientes que recibieron la IF

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term impact of a brief pharmacist intervention (PI) compared with usual care (UC) on prevention of depression relapse. DESIGN: randomised controlled clinical trial SETTING: Primary Care. PARTICIPANTS: Of the 179 depressed patients initiating antidepressants, the 113 whose clinical symptoms had remitted (main definition) at 6 months assessment were selected for this secondary study (PI = 58; UC = 55). Intervention: PI was an interview to promote medication adherence when patients get antidepressants from pharmacy. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Baseline, 3 months, and six-months follow-up assessments were made. The severity of depressive symptoms was evaluated with PHQ9. Patients presenting a remission of symptoms were selected. The patient medical records were reviewed to identify a relapse in the following 12 months by using 4 indicators. RESULTS: There was a lower proportion of patients that relapsed in the PI group than in the UC group 18 months after initiation of treatment, but the difference was not statistically significant either in the intent-to-treat analysis (OR = 0.734 [95%CI; 0.273-1.975]) or the per-protocol analysis (OR = 0.615 [95%CI; 0.183 -2.060]). All the sensitivity analyses showed consistent results. The sample size and adherence to the protocol in the intervention group were low. CONCLUSION: PI group showed a non-statistically significant tendency towards presenting fewer relapses. This could be related to the improvement in adherence among patients that received the intervention

[Impact of pharmaceutical intervention in preventing relapses in depression in Primary Care]. / Impacto de una intervención farmacéutica en la prevención de recaídas en depresión en atención primaria.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term impact of a brief pharmacist intervention (PI) compared with usual care (UC) on prevention of depression relapse. DESIGN: randomised controlled clinical trial SETTING: Primary Care PARTICIPANTS: Of the 179 depressed patients initiating antidepressants, the 113 whose clinical symptoms had remitted (main definition) at 6 months assessment were selected for this secondary study (PI=58; UC=55). INTERVENTION: PI was an interview to promote medication adherence when patients get antidepressants from pharmacy. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Baseline, 3 months, and six-months follow-up assessments were made. The severity of depressive symptoms was evaluated with PHQ9. Patients presenting a remission of symptoms were selected. The patient medical records were reviewed to identify a relapse in the following 12 months by using 4 indicators. RESULTS: There was a lower proportion of patients that relapsed in the PI group than in the UC group 18 months after initiation of treatment, but the difference was not statistically significant either in the intent-to-treat analysis (OR=0.734 [95%CI; 0.273-1.975]) or the per-protocol analysis (OR=0.615 [95%CI; 0.183 -2.060]). All the sensitivity analyses showed consistent results. The sample size and adherence to the protocol in the intervention group were low. CONCLUSION: PI group showed a non-statistically significant tendency towards presenting fewer relapses. This could be related to the improvement in adherence among patients that received the intervention.

Evaluation of a pharmacist intervention on patients initiating pharmacological treatment for depression: a randomized controlled superiority trial.

Major depression is associated with high burden, disability and costs. Non-adherence limits the effectiveness of antidepressants. Community pharmacists (CP) are in a privileged position to help patients cope with antidepressant treatment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of a CP intervention on primary care patients who had initiated antidepressant treatment. Newly diagnosed primary care patients were randomised to usual care (UC) (92) or pharmacist intervention (87). Patients were followed up at 6 months and evaluated three times (Baseline, and at 3 and 6 months). Outcome measurements included clinical severity of depression (PHQ-9), health-related quality of life (HRQOL) (Euroqol-5D) and satisfaction with pharmacy care. Adherence was continuously registered from the computerised pharmacy records. Non-adherence was defined as refilling less than 80% of doses or having a medication-free gap of more than 1 month. Patients in the intervention group were more likely to remain adherent at 3 and 6 months follow-up but the difference was not statistically significant. Patients in the intervention group showed greater statistically significant improvement in HRQOL compared with UC patients both in the main analysis and PP analyses. No statistically significant differences were observed in clinical symptoms or satisfaction with the pharmacy service. The results of our study indicate that a brief intervention in community pharmacies does not improve depressed patients' adherence or clinical symptoms. This intervention helped patients to improve their HRQOL, which is an overall measure of patient status.