Detection of MOG-IgG in Clinical Samples by Live Cell-Based Assays: Performance of Immunofluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometry.

Human antibodies against Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) from immunoglobulin-G subclasses (MOG-IgG) have been recently associated with a new subgroup of neurological autoimmune diseases with distinct clinical characteristics from multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. The use of MOG-IgG as a biomarker is an essential tool to assist in the diagnosis and clinical prognosis. The cell-based assay (CBA) is a methodology that expresses high levels of natively folded human MOG protein in the cell membrane being the methodology most used for clinical MOG-IgG diagnosis. However, there is still no consensus about the best approach to perform CBA to improve the results. The CBA using flow cytometry (CBA-FC) is an automated technique with objective quantification, reducing the subject of human bias that occurred at CBA using immunofluorescence (CBA-IF). In this study, we compared the performance of CBA-IF and CBA-FC as an acquisition tool analysis. The sera of 104 patients diagnosed with inflammatory Central Nervous System diseases were tested in both CBA-IF and CBA-FC. We used the dilution of 1:128 for CBA-IF and three different dilutions (1:20, 1:100, and 1:640) for CBA-FC. The CBA-FC and CBA-IF results had 88.5% agreement between assays and the CBA-IF titers by endpoint-dilution correlated with the CBA-FC titers. The highest serum dilution resulted in an increased CBA-FC specificity, but there was a reduction in the CBA-FC sensitivity. Our study showed that CBA-FC can be used in clinical practice as a diagnostic technique for MOG-IgG. In addition, in some specific cases, the combination of both techniques could be used as a tool to discriminate unspecific binding and overcome single assay limitations.

Detection of MOG-IgG by cell-based assay: moving from discovery to clinical practice.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a unique CNS-specific mammalian protein that is expressed on the surface of compact myelin and oligodendrocyte cell bodies. MOG is an accessible target for autoantibodies, associated with immune-mediated demyelination in the central nervous system. The identification of MOG reactive immunoglobulin G antibodies (MOG-IgG) helps to distinguish a subgroup of patients from multiple sclerosis and other CNS disorders, reducing the risk of clinical misdiagnosis. The development of the cell-based assays (CBA) improved the detection of clinically meaningful MOG-IgG binding to conformational MOG expressed in the cell membrane surface. In this review, we describe factors that impact on the results of CBA, such as MOG conformation, protein glycosylation, addition of fluorescent tags, serum dilution, secondary antibodies, and data interpretation.

Anemia and thrombocytopenia in people living with HIV/AIDS: a narrative literature review.

Hematologic changes are frequent complications in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Anemia and thrombocytopenia are the most frequent multifactorial hematologic abnormalities and are associated with a low quality of life and high death rates. This study aims to describe the prevalence of anemia and thrombocytopenia in PLWHA and to identify the main clinical characteristics that aggravate these conditions in studies published in the last 10 y. A comprehensive search was performed on the PUBMED database, using the terms 'HIV infection and anemia' and 'HIV infection and thrombocytopenia'. Additional searches were made in the reference lists of articles covering the theme. The selected studies reported an overall prevalence of anemia from 7.2% to 84% and of thrombocytopenia from 4.5% to 26.2%. The prevalence of thrombocytopenia and anemia were aggravated by a CD4+ T lymphocyte count of <200 cells/µL, increased viral load and coinfections or opportunistic infections. Antiviral therapy (ART) shows a beneficial effect, reducing the frequencies of thrombocytopenia and anemia, except in a zidovudine-based ART regimen, which worsens the anemic condition. Because anemia and thrombocytopenia are treatable comorbidities associated with increased mortality among PLWHA, physicians should monitor these risk factors in order to establish better interventions and reduce morbidity and mortality in PLWHA.

Avaliação acerca do conhecimento sobre a dengue em jovens em idade escolar / Evaluation about dengue knowledge of children at school age

INTRODUÇÃO: A dengue é uma arbovirose, transmitida para o homem através da picada do mosquito Aedes aegypti, e que acomete grande número de indivíduos no mundo. Nos últimos 50 anos, junto com o aumento da expansão geográfica, a incidência de dengue aumentou aproximadamente 30 vezes. Ao longo dos anos, diversas medidas de combate à dengue foram implementadas, a partir daí, no ano de 2004 foi possível evidenciar que houve redução de 290% nos casos de dengue em relação ao ano anterior. OBJETIVO: Descrever o conhecimento de escolares do Rio Grande do Sul sobre o tema dengue. MÉTODOS: Estudo com abordagem quantitativa do tipo descritiva realizado com jovens alunos da rede pública de educação da cidade de Tupãnciretã, por meio de um questionário estruturado. RESULTADOS: Evidenciou-se que a maioria dos alunos tinha conhecimento sobre como a dengue é transmitida, sendo que 35% acreditavam que a fêmea do mosquito transmite a doença e ainda, 58,8% afirmaram que conseguem reconhecer o mosquito. Uma parcela dos alunos acredita que o mosquito pica preferencialmente durante o dia, onde a principal forma de transmissão selecionada foi "O mosquito pica uma pessoa doente e transmite a doença à outra pessoa" e os principais sintomas assinalados foram febre, dor de cabeça e cansaço. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo demonstrou que boa parte dos jovens possuem conhecimentos sobre a dengue, entretanto, ainda há crianças e adolescentes que não conhecem o assunto, trazendo à tona a importância deste tema nas campanhas de saúde.

INTRODUCTION: Dengue is an arbovirus, transmitted to humans through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, and which affects a large number of individuals in the world. Over the past 50 years, along with increased geographic expansion, the incidence of dengue increased approximately 30-fold. Over the years, several measures to combat dengue have been implemented and due to this factor, in 2004, there was a 290% reduction in dengue cases in relation to the previous year. OBJECTIVE: To describe the knowledge of schoolchildren from Rio Grande do Sul on the subject of dengue. METHODS: A quantitative descriptive study carried out with young students of the public education system of the city of Tupãnciretã, through a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: It was evidenced that most of the students had knowledge about how dengue is transmitted, 35% believed that the mosquito female transmits the disease and 58.8% claim to be able to recognize the mosquito. A significant portion of the students believe that the mosquito bites preferentially during the day, where the main form of transmission selected was "The mosquito bites a sick person and transmits the disease to the other person" and the main symptoms were fever, headache and tiredness. CONCLUSION: The study showed that most of the young people have knowledge about dengue, however, there are still children and adolescents who do not know the subject, bringing to the fore the importance of this theme in health campaigns.