ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Introduction: The problem of the influence of infusion solutions on the correction of acid alkaline balance disorders in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains unclear. The aim: Compare the dynamics of changes acid alkaline balance (AAB) in the application of isosmolar 0.9% NaCl solution and hyperosmolar solution of mannitol in patients with acute ischemic stroke. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The study included 50 patients with AIS. As the investigated solutions were used: hyperosmolar mannitol 15% and isosmolar 0.9% NaCl. The control group received only 0.9% NaCl, compared with main group of 0.9% NaCl+mannitol. The research was carried out at 1, 4 and 7 day, a number of indicators were determined: ÑÐ, РаÐ2, РаСÐ2, ÐÐ, SB, ÐÐ, ÐÐ. RESULTS: Results: The conducted research showed that in all observation groups, on 1st day, manifestations of mixed acidosis were observed. On the 7th day of observation the group of 0.9% NaCl showed results close to the norm of the studied parameters, indicating the leveling of acidosis developed in this group on the 1st day of stroke. Somewhat worse correction of metabolic acidosis was in the group of mannitol, on the 7th day of observation the manifestations of acidosis were not significantly different from the 1st day and were respectively: pH = 7.33 (7.24; 7.36); pO2 = 36 (33; 39); AB = 23 (15; 26); BE = -3.4 (-13.5, 0.2), SB = 22.9 (18.0, 25.4). CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Analysis of changes in the parameters of AAB in the application of different circuits of infusion therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke showed that all the observation groups had manifestations of metabolic acidosis on the first day of AIS. The ability to normalize the disturbances of acid alkaline balance did not differ significantly (p>0.05) for patients of group 0.9% NaCl solution and mannitol.
Subject(s)
Acid-Base Equilibrium , Acidosis/therapy , Brain Ischemia/complications , Mannitol/therapeutic use , Stroke/complications , Acidosis/complications , Humans , Infusions, IntravenousABSTRACT
The efficient and reliable control and monitoring of the quality of the optical properties of mirrors is an open problem in laboratory plasmas. Until now, the measurement of the reflectance of the first mirrors was based on the methods that require additional light calibration sources. We propose a new technique based on the ratio of the red- and blue-shifted emission signals of the reflected hydrogen atoms which enables the in situ measurement of the spectral reflectance of metallic mirrors in low-density Ar-H or Ar-D plasmas. The spectral reflectance coefficients were measured for C, Al, Ag, Fe, Pd, Ti, Sn, Rh, Mo, and W mirrors installed in the linear magnetized plasma device PSI-2 operating in the pressure range of 0.01-0.1 Pa. The results are obtained for the Hα line using the emission of fast atoms induced by excitation of H atoms through Ar at a plasma-solid interface by applying a negative potential U = -80, , -220 V to the mirror. The agreement between the measured and theoretical data of reflectance is found to be within 10% for the investigated materials (except for C). The spectra also allow us to efficiently determine the material of the mirror.
ABSTRACT
The new high effiency extreme ultraviolet overview spectrometer (HEXOS) system for the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X is now mounted for testing and adjustment at the tokamak experiment for technology oriented research (TEXTOR). One part of the testing phase was the intensity calibration of the two double spectrometers which in total cover a spectral range from 2.5 to 160.0 nm with overlap. This work presents the current intensity calibration curves for HEXOS and describes the method of calibration. The calibration was implemented with calibrated lines of a hollow cathode light source and the branching ratio technique. The hollow cathode light source provides calibrated lines from 16 up to 147 nm. We could extend the calibrated region in the spectrometers down to 2.8 nm by using the branching line pairs emitted by an uncalibrated pinch extreme ultraviolet light source as well as emission lines from boron and carbon in TEXTOR plasmas. In total HEXOS is calibrated from 2.8 up to 147 nm, which covers most of the observable wavelength region. The approximate density of carbon in the range of the minor radius from 18 to 35 cm in a TEXTOR plasma determined by simulating calibrated vacuum ultraviolet emission lines with a transport code was 5.5x10(17) m(-3) which corresponds to a local carbon concentration of 2%.
