Heteropterys rosmarinifolia, a new species of Malpighiaceae with verticillate leaves from savannas grasslands of central Brazil.

A new species of Heteropterys belonging to the Parabanisteria informal group is described for the savannas grasslands of the Serra do Tombador Natural Reserve, municipality of Cavalcante, State of Goiás, Brazil. Heteropterys rosmarinifolia is easily distinguished from the remaining Brazilian species of the Parabanisteria informal group due to its stems unbranched, leaves associated with the inflorescence verticillate, blades linear to very narrowly oblong, strongly conduplicate, ascending to upright, and sparsely sericeous to glabrous at age. We present a complete morphological description for the new species, photographic plates, comments on its distribution, ecology, and taxonomy, besides an identification key to the species of Heteropterys from the Parabanisteria group from the State of Goiás, Brazil.

Ticks (Parasitiformes: Ixodida) on new world wild primates in Brazil

Brazil concentrates the largest number of primate species in the world. In the present study, an extensive literature review of ticks on New World wild monkeys has been carried out, demonstrating that between the years 1912 to 2018, 182 larvae, 137 nymphs and 31 adult ticks (10 males and 21 females) were collected on 78 primates (from 12 different species) in 28 distinct localities in the Brazilian territory. Additionally, examination of allotments of 11 tick collections of Brazil revealed that from 1919 to 2019, 93 larvae, 91 nymphs and 175 adult ticks (62 males and 113 females) were collected from 100 monkeys (among 20 different species) from 43 localities in distinct Brazilian biomes. Overall, 19 tick species were identified on wild primates in the country: Amblyomma aureolatum (Pallas, 1772), Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) sensu stricto, Amblyomma coelebs Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma dubitatum Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma geayi Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma incisum Neumann, 1906, Amblyomma longirostre (Koch, 1844), Amblyomma naponense (Packard, 1869), Amblyomma nodosum Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma ovale Koch, 1844, Amblyomma parkeri Fonseca & Aragão, 1952, Amblyomma romarioi Martins, Luz & Labruna, 2019, Amblyomma rotundatum Koch, 1844, Amblyomma sculptum Berlese, 1888, Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, 1946, Ixodes fuscipes Koch, 1844, Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) sensu lato,and Ornithodoros rostratus Aragão, 1911. The presence of A. incisum, A. naponense, A. nodosum, A. rotundatum and I. fuscipes on monkeys is recorded for the first time. Thisresearch is therefore a significant contribution to the knowledge of tick speciesassociated with non-human primates in the Neotropical region.

Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on wild raptors in Brazil

This research reports ticks on wild raptors in Brazil. Between the years 1936 and 2019, 127 larvae, 230 nymphs and 34 adult ticks were collected on 92 raptors (among 27 different species) from 35 localities in distinct Brazilian biomes. Additionally, an extensive literature review on ticks on wild raptors has been carried out, demonstrating that from 1993 to 2016, 29 larvae, 81 nymphs, 29 adults and 186 indeterminate immature ticks (larvae or nymphs) were collected on 41 raptors (16 different species) in 17 distinct localities in the Brazilian territory. The following tick species were identified on wild raptors in the country: Amblyomma aureolatum (Pallas, 1772), Amblyomma auricularium (Conil, 1878), Amblyomma brasiliense Aragão, 1908, Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) sensu stricto, Amblyomma calcaratum Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma coelebs Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma dubitatum Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma longirostre (Koch, 1844), Amblyomma nodosum Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma ovale Koch, 1844, Amblyomma parkeri Fonseca & Aragão, 1952, Amblyomma sculptum Berlese, 1888, Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, 1946, Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888), and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) sensu lato. This study is therefore a significant contribution to our knowledge of the ticks associated with Brazilian raptors.

Erratum: Wandering throughout South America: Taxonomic revision of Tradescantia subg. Austrotradescantia (D.R.Hunt) M.Pell. (Commelinaceae).

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.101.25057.].

Wandering throughout South America: Taxonomic revision of Tradescantia subg. Austrotradescantia (D.R.Hunt) M.Pell. (Commelinaceae).

I present the first taxonomic revision for T. subg. Austrotradescantia, based on extensive field, cultivation and herbaria studies. I accept 13 species, three of them (i.e. T. atlantica, T. hertweckii and T. tucumanensis) being described as new in the present study. I provide an identification key to the species, distribution maps, descriptions, comments, conservation assessments and illustrations for all species. The troublesome weed T. fluminensis has its specific limits clarified and its native range is presented so it can serve as a basis to better understanding its ecological requirements and to help control it throughout its invasive range. Furthermore, I highlight that T. mundula, a commonly neglected species closely related to T. fluminensis, might also represent a troublesome weed. Tradescantia mundula has been widely introduced in cultivation under the name T. albiflora and seems to have also escaped from cultivation. However, due to the hitherto poorly understood specific limits of T. fluminensis, T. mundula has been treated as a mere cultivar of T. fluminensiss.s.

Morphological phylogeny of Tradescantia L. (Commelinaceae) sheds light on a new infrageneric classification for the genus and novelties on the systematics of subtribe Tradescantiinae.

Throughout the years, three infrageneric classifications were proposed for Tradescantia along with several informal groups and species complexes. The current infrageneric classification accepts 12 sections - with T. sect. Tradescantia being further divided into four series - and assimilates many concepts adopted by previous authors. Recent molecular-based phylogenetic studies indicate that the currently accepted sections might not represent monophyletic groups within Tradescantia. Based on newly gathered morphological data on the group, complemented with available micromorphological, cytological and phytochemical data, I present the first morphology-based evolutionary hypothesis for Tradescantia. Furthermore, I reduce subtribe Thyrsantheminae to a synonym of subtribe Tradescantiinae, and propose a new infrageneric classification for Tradescantia, based on the total evidence of the present morphological phylogeny, in accordance to the previously published molecular data.

Recircumscription and taxonomic revision of Siderasis, with comments on the systematics of subtribe Dichorisandrinae (Commelinaceae).

A new circumscription and a total of six microendemic species, four of them new to science, are herein presented for Siderasis, based on field and herbaria studies, and cultivated material. We provide an identification key to the species and a distribution map, description, comments, conservation assessment, and illustration for each species. Also, we present an emended key to the genera of subtribe Dichorisandrinae, and comments on the morphology and systematics of the subtribe.

Two peculiar new species of Heteranthera Ruiz & Pavón (Pontederiaceae) from Brazil, with notes on inflorescence architecture in the family.

Two new and peculiar species of Heteranthera are herein described. Heteranthera catharinensis is unique in the genus due to its glomerulate, many-flowered inflorescences, in which the flowers are restricted to the base and apex of the cincinni. It also possesses the biggest flowers in the H. reniformis Ruiz & Pavón species complex, with glabrous perianth lobes, medial filament, and style. On the other hand, Heteranthera pumila is described as the smallest known species of Pontederiaceae, with its dwarf stature, petiolate leaves with especially diminute blades, inflorescences 1-2-(3)-flowered, peduncle densely covered with glandular hairs, basal bract with glandular hairs at base, and smooth seeds, rarely possessing 7-9 inconspicuous longitudinal wings. We present detailed descriptions, illustrations, comments, a distribution map, conservation assessments for the new species, and an identification key to the Brazilian species of Heterantheras.l. Finally, we discuss inflorescence morphology and terminology in Pontederiaceae, characterizing it as thyrsoid.

Novelties in Brazilian Tradescantia L. (Commelinaceae).

We present a new record to the Brazilian territory (i.e. Tradescantia boliviana), the rediscovery of a species exclusively known from the cultivated type collection (i.e. T. valida), the description of a new taxon (i.e. T. chrysophylla), synonyms for T. crassula and T. boliviana, correct the typification of T. crassula, and designation of a lectotype for T. ambigua and T. ambigua var. pilosula. Furthermore, we present illustrations, comments, distribution maps, and identification keys for the studied taxa.

Persistent Skyrmion Lattice of Noninteracting Electrons with Spin-Orbit Coupling.

A persistent spin helix (PSH) is a robust helical spin-density pattern arising in disordered 2D electron gases with Rashba α and Dresselhaus ß spin-orbit (SO) tuned couplings, i.e., α=±ß. Here, we investigate the emergence of a persistent Skyrmion lattice (PSL) resulting from the coherent superposition of PSHs along orthogonal directions-crossed PSHs-in wells with two occupied subbands ν=1, 2. For realistic GaAs wells, we show that the Rashba α_{ν} and Dresselhaus ß_{ν} couplings can be simultaneously tuned to equal strengths but opposite signs, e.g., α_{1}=ß_{1} and α_{2}=-ß_{2}. In this regime, and away from band anticrossings, our noninteracting electron gas sustains a topologically nontrivial Skyrmion-lattice spin-density excitation, which inherits the robustness against spin-independent disorder and interactions from its underlying crossed PSHs. We find that the spin relaxation rate due to the interband SO coupling is comparable to that of the cubic Dresselhaus term as a mechanism of the PSL decay. Near anticrossings, the interband-induced spin mixing leads to unusual spin textures along the energy contours beyond those of the Rahsba-Dresselhaus bands. Our PSL opens up the unique possibility of observing topological phenomena, e.g., topological and Skyrmion Hall effects, in ordinary GaAs wells with noninteracting electrons.

Prevalência de deficiências motoras e sua relação com o gasto federal com próteses, órteses e outros equipamentos nos estados brasileiros em 2010 / Prevalencia de deficiencias motoras y su relación con el gasto federal con prótesis, órtesis y otros equipos en los estados brasileños en 2010 / Prevalence of motor deficiencies and their relationship with federal expenditures for prosthesis, orthetics and other equipment in the Brazilian states in 2010

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a prevalência de dificuldade motora (DM) (caminhar ou subir degraus) total e segundo graus (leve, moderada, grave) nos estados brasileiros e no país; apresentar os gastos federais com próteses, órteses e equipamentos (OPM) relacionados a essa dificuldade; e verificar a existência de correlação entre as prevalências de DM e gasto público com as OPM. Foram usados dados populacionais de todas as cidades do Brasil, obtidos a partir do site do IBGE, e gastos com OPM relacionados à DM, extraídos do site do DATASUS, de 2010. Os dados foram analisados por meio de prevalências de DM e gastos com OPM relacionados à DM. Utilizou-se o programa Stata 11 para execução do teste de correlação de Spearman com nível de significância de 5%. A prevalência de DM no Brasil no ano de 2010 foi de 6,91%, variando de 8,63% (AL) a 5,28% (TO). Os gastos com OPM variaram segundo os estados e foram proporcionais à prevalência de DM nas cidades dos estados do AC e PI (órteses), PB (próteses), e AC e MA (equipamentos). A correlação entre valor investido e prevalência de DM foi inversa nas cidades dos estados de ES, MG, PR, RS, SC e SP (órteses); ES, MG, PR, RS, SC e SP (próteses); e ES, MG, RS e SP (equipamentos).

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la prevalencia de dificultad motora (DM) (caminar o subir escaleras) total y segundo grados (leve, moderada, severa) en los estados brasileños y en el país; presentar los gastos federales con prótesis, órtesis y equipos (OPM) relacionados con esta dificultad; y verificar la existencia de correlación entre las prevalencias de DM y el gasto público con los OPM. Se utilizaron datos de poblaciones de todas las ciudades del Brasil, obtenidos del sitio web del IBGE, y gastos con OPM relacionados a la DM, extraídos del sitio web del DATASUS, de 2010. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de prevalencias de DM y gastos con OPM relacionados con la DM. Se utilizó el programa Stata 11 para la ejecución de la prueba de correlación de Spearman con nivel de significancia del 5%. La prevalencia de DM en Brasil en el año 2010 fue de 6,91%, variando del 8,63% (AL) hasta el 5,28% (TO). Los gastos con OPM variaron según los estados y fueron proporcionales a la prevalencia de DM en las ciudades de los estados del PI (órtesis), PB (prótesis) y AC y MA (equipos). La correlación entre el monto invertido y prevalencia de DM fue el inverso en las ciudades de los estados de ES, MG, PR, RS, SC y SP (órtesis); ES, MG, PR, RS, SC, y SP (prótesis); y ES, MG, RS y SP (equipos).

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to know the prevalence of full motor difficulty (MD) (walking or climbing stairs) and according to degrees (mild, moderate, severe) in the Brazilian states and in the country; present the federal expenditures on prostheses, orthotics and materials (OPM) related to such difficulty; and verify the correlation between the prevalence of disabilities and public expenditures on OPM. Population data was used from every major city in Brazil, obtained from the IBGE website, and OPM expenditures related to MD, extracted from the DATASUS website in 2010. Data was analyzed through the prevalence of MD and OPM expenses related to MD. We used the Stata 11 software for the implementation of the Spearman correlation test with a significance level of 5%. The prevalence of MD in Brazil in the year of 2010 was 6.91%; ranging from 8.63% (state of Alagoas) to 5.28% (state of Tocantins). The expenditures on OPM varied according to the state, and these expenditures were proportional to the prevalence of MD in the cities of the states of Acre and Piauí (orthotics); Pernambuco (prostheses), and Acre and Maranhão (equipment). The correlation between the amount spent and the prevalence of MD was inverse in the cities of the states of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo (orthotics); Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo (prostheses); and Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo (equipment).

Emissões otoacústicas como instrumento de triagem auditiva em 431 crianças de 1 a 12 anos / Otoacoustic emissions as a hearing screening tool in 431 children aged 1 to 12 years-old / Emisiones otacústicas como una herramienta de rastreo de audición en 431 niños de 1 a 12 años de edad

Introdução: A Política Nacional de Atenção à Saúde Auditiva preconiza a realização de triagem e monitoramento auditivo para organizar linha de cuidados integrais, como a triagem auditiva em crianças pré-escolar e escolar. Objetivo: Realizar uma análise comparativa entre os resultados dos exames de audiometria tonal e vocal, timpanometria e Emissões Otoacústicas Evocadas Transientes (EOAT), e sugerir o uso das EOAT como instrumento clínico para a triagem auditiva em crianças com idade até 5 anos. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética local (CEP ME-UFRJ). A população foi composta por 431 crianças, com faixa etária entre 1 e 12. A população foi dividida em duas amostras: 196 crianças com idade entre 1 a 5 anos e 235 com idade entre 6 a 12 anos. Crianças com idade entre 1 a 5 anos foram submetidas a timpanometria e EOAT. As crianças de 6 a 12 anos foram submetidas a audiometria tonal e vocal, timpanometria e EOAT. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que 17,3% das crianças com idade entre 1 a 5 anos apresentaram alterações, e apenas 3,4% das crianças com idade entre 6 a 12 anos apresentaram algum comprometimento. Conclusões: Pela grande incidência de alterações auditivas encontradas na faixa etária de 1 a 5 anos, conclui-se que o uso de EOAT na triagem auditiva tem sua eficiência comprovada quando utilizada em associação com o exame de timpanometria, mostrando-se relevante tanto no monitoramento auditivo de crianças na idade escolar quanto pré-escolar.(AU)

Introduction: The National Policy on Health Hearing advocates screening and monitoring of hearing in order to organize line of care for comprehensive health care for preschool and school children. Objective: To performe a comparative analysis between the results of tonal and vocal audiometry,tympanometry, and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE), and to suggest the use of TEOAE as a clinical tool for hearing screening in children under five years-old. Methods: Cross-sectional study approved by local ethics committee (CEP ME-UFRJ). 431 children ranging from 1 and 12 years-old were divided into two samples: 196 children from 1 to 5 years-old and 235 between 6 and 12 years-old. The group between 1 and 5 years-old was submitted to tympanometry and TEOAE. The other group (6 to 12 years-old) was submitted to tonal and vocal audiometry, tympanometry and TEOAE. Results: Among younger children (1 to 5 years-old) 17.3% presented some hearing impairment; and among older children (6 to 12 years-old) only 3.4% had some hearing impairment. Conclusions: For the high incidence of hearing disorders found in children aged 1-5 years old, we conclude that the use of TEOAE is highly efficient in detecting hearing impairment, when used with tympanometry in order to screeningand monitoring preschool and school children.(AU)

Introducción: La Política Nacional de Atención a la Salud Auditiva recomienda la realización de pruebas de detección y control auditivo para organizar una línea de atención integral, como la prueba detección auditiva en niños en edad preescolar y escolar. Objetivo: Realizar un análisis comparativo entre los resultados de los exámenes de audiometría tonal y vocal, timpanometria y Emisiones Otoacústicas Evocadas Transitorias (EOAT), y sugerir el uso de las EOET como una herramienta clínica para laspruebas de detección auditiva en niños en edad hasta los 5 años. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal aprobado por Comité de Ética local (CEP ME-UFRJ). La población fue compuesta por 431 niños de edades comprendidas entre 1 y 12 años. La población fue dividida en dos muestras: 196 niños de edades comprendidas entre 1 y 5 años y 235 niños de edades comprendidas entre 6 y 12 años. Los niños de 1 a 5 años fueron sometidas a la timpanometría y EOET. Los niños de 6 a 12 años fueron sometidos a una audiometría tonal y vocal, timpanometría y EOET. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que 17,3% de los niños con edad entre 1 y 5 años mostraron cambios, y sólo el 3,4% de los niños con edad de 6 a 12 años mostraron algún daño. Conclusiones: Por la alta incidencia de los cambios de audición en el grupo de edad de 1 a 5 años, se concluye que el uso del EOAT en el test auditivo tiene su eficacia comprobada cuando utilizada en combinación con el examen de timpanometria, siendo relevante tanto en la vigilancia auditiva de los niños en edad escolar como en edad preescolar.(AU)

Emissões otoacústicas como instrumento de triagem auditiva em 431 crianças de 1 a 12 anos / Otoacoustic emissions as a hearing screeningtool in 431 children aged 1 to 12 years-old / Emisiones otacústicas como una herramientade rastreo de audición en 431 niños de 1 a 12años de edad

Introdução: A Política Nacional de Atenção à Saúde Auditiva preconiza a realização de triagem e monitoramento auditivo para organizar linha de cuidados integrais, como a triagem auditiva em crianças pré-escolar e escolar. Objetivo: Realizar uma análise comparativa entre os resultados dos exames de audiometria tonal e vocal, timpanometria e Emissões Otoacústicas Evocadas Transientes (EOAT), e sugerir o uso das EOAT como instrumento clínico para a triagem auditiva em crianças com idade até 5 anos. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética local (CEP ME-UFRJ). A população foi composta por 431 crianças, com faixa etária entre 1 e 12. A população foi dividida em duas amostras: 196 crianças com idade entre 1 a 5 anos e 235 com idade entre 6 a 12 anos. Crianças com idade entre 1 a 5 anos foram submetidas a timpanometria e EOAT. As crianças de 6 a 12 anos foram submetidas a audiometria tonal e vocal, timpanometria e EOAT. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que 17,3% das crianças com idade entre 1 a 5 anos apresentaram alterações, e apenas 3,4% das crianças com idade entre 6 a 12 anos apresentaram algum comprometimento. Conclusões: Pela grande incidência de alterações auditivas encontradas na faixa etária de 1 a 5 anos, conclui-se que o uso de EOAT na triagem auditiva tem sua eficiência comprovada quando utilizada em associação com o exame de timpanometria, mostrando-se relevante tanto no monitoramento auditivo de crianças na idade escolar quanto pré-escolar.

Introduction: The National Policy on Health Hearing advocates screening and monitoring of hearing in order to organize line of care for comprehensive health care for preschool and school children. Objective: To performe a comparative analysis between the results of tonal and vocal audiometry,tympanometry, and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE), and to suggest the use of TEOAE as a clinical tool for hearing screening in children under five years-old. Methods: Cross-sectional study approved by local ethics committee (CEP ME-UFRJ). 431 children ranging from 1 and 12 years-old were divided into two samples: 196 children from 1 to 5 years-old and 235 between 6 and 12 years-old. The group between 1 and 5 years-old was submitted to tympanometry and TEOAE. The other group (6 to 12 years-old) was submitted to tonal and vocal audiometry, tympanometry and TEOAE. Results: Among younger children (1 to 5 years-old) 17.3% presented some hearing impairment; and among older children (6 to 12 years-old) only 3.4% had some hearing impairment. Conclusions: For the high incidence of hearing disorders found in children aged 1-5 years old, we conclude that the use of TEOAE is highly efficient in detecting hearing impairment, when used with tympanometry in order to screeningand monitoring preschool and school children.

Introducción: La Política Nacional de Atención a la Salud Auditiva recomienda la realización de pruebas de detección y control auditivo para organizar una línea de atención integral, como la prueba detección auditiva en niños en edad preescolar y escolar. Objetivo: Realizar un análisis comparativo entre los resultados de los exámenes de audiometría tonal y vocal, timpanometria y Emisiones Otoacústicas Evocadas Transitorias (EOAT), y sugerir el uso de las EOET como una herramienta clínica para laspruebas de detección auditiva en niños en edad hasta los 5 años. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal aprobado por Comité de Ética local (CEP ME-UFRJ). La población fue compuesta por 431 niños de edades comprendidas entre 1 y 12 años. La población fue dividida en dos muestras: 196 niños de edades comprendidas entre 1 y 5 años y 235 niños de edades comprendidas entre 6 y 12 años. Los niños de 1 a 5 años fueron sometidas a la timpanometría y EOET. Los niños de 6 a 12 años fueron sometidos a una audiometría tonal y vocal, timpanometría y EOET. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que 17,3% de los niños con edad entre 1 y 5 años mostraron cambios, y sólo el 3,4% de los niños con edad de 6 a 12 años mostraron algún daño. Conclusiones: Por la alta incidencia de los cambios de audición en el grupo de edad de 1 a 5 años, se concluye que el uso del EOAT en el test auditivo tiene su eficacia comprobada cuando utilizada en combinación con el examen de timpanometria, siendo relevante tanto en la vigilancia auditiva de los niños en edad escolar como en edad preescolar.

Is it normal to be a principal mindreader? Revising theories of social cognition on the basis of schizophrenia and high functioning autism-spectrum disorders.

Schizophrenia and high functioning autism-spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental conditions that mainly impair social competence, while general intelligence (IQ) is spared. Both disorders have a strong ancillary role in theoretical research on social cognition. Recently the debate has started to be inflected by embodied and phenomenological approaches, which claim that the standard portrayal of all social understanding as so-called 'mindreading', i.e. the attribution of mental states to others in the service of explaining and predicting their behavior, is misguided. Instead it is emphasized that we normally perceive others directly as conscious and goal-directed persons, without requiring any theorizing and/or simulation. This paper evaluates some of the implications of abnormal experiences reported by people with schizophrenia and ASD for the current debate in cognitive science. For these people the practice of explicit mindreading seems to be a compensatory strategy that ultimately fails to compensate for - and may even exacerbate - their impairment of intuitive and interactive social understanding. Phenomenological psychopathology thereby supports the emerging view that 'mindreading' is not the principal form of normal social understanding.

Natural infection in anopheline species and its implications for autochthonous malaria in the Atlantic Forest in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: A descriptive study was carried out in an area of the Atlantic Forest with autochthonous malaria in the Parelheiros subdistrict on the periphery of the municipality of São Paulo to identify anopheline fauna and anophelines naturally infected with Plasmodium as well as to discuss their role in this peculiar epidemiological context. METHODS: Entomological captures were made from May 2009 to April 2011 using Shannon traps and automatic CDC traps in four areas chosen for their different patterns of human presence and incidences of malaria (anthropic zone 1, anthropic zone 2, transition zone and sylvatic zone). Natural Plasmodium infection was detected by nested PCR based on amplification of the 18S rRNA gene. RESULTS: In total, 6,073 anophelines were collected from May 2009 to April 2011, and six species were identified in the four zones. Anopheles cruzii was the predominant species in the three environments but was more abundant in the sylvatic zone. Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii specimens from the anthropic and sylvatic zones were positive for P. vivax and P. malariae. An. (Ker.) bellator, An. (Nys.) triannulatus, An. (Nys.) strodei, An. (Nys.) lutzi and An. (Ano) maculipes were found in small numbers. Of these, An. (Nys.) triannulatus and An. (Nys.) lutzi, which were collected in the anthropic zone, were naturally infected with P. vivax while An. (Nys.) triannulatus from the anthropic zones and An. (Nys.) strodei from the transition zone were positive for P. malariae. CONCLUSION: These results confirm that Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii plays an important role as a major Plasmodium vector. However, the finding of other naturally infected species may indicate that secondary vectors are also involved in the transmission of malaria in the study areas. These findings can be expected to help in the implementation of new measures to control autochthonous malaria in areas of the Atlantic Forest.

An ICF-based approach for cerebral palsy from a biopsychosocial perspective.

OBJECTIVES: To integrate instruments to operationalize an ICF-based approach for cerebral palsy (CP); to assess differences in activity and participation among children with hemiplegia, diplegia and quadriplegia CP; to verify the facilitators or barriers to functioning; and to investigate the explanatory factors (cognitive and motor) for the type of school attended by children with CP (regular or special). METHODS: Sixty children with CP were assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination and an ICF-based instrument and their parents were interviewed. Data were analysed by Chi-Squared, Anova's and Kruskal-Wallis tests and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Significant differences between CP sub-groups were found for chewing, urinary function, cognitive function and activities and participation. Twelve environmental factors were identified as barriers. Multivariate regression identified cognitive function as a significant explanatory variable for the type of school attended, whereas motor function was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The ICF-based approach allows a comprehensive assessment, relevant for planning interventions.

Perfil cognitivo, déficits motores e influência dos facilitadores para reabilitação de crianças com disfunções neurológicas / Cognitive profile, motor deficits and influence of facilitators for rehabilitation of children with neurological dysfunction

OBJETIVO: Investigar se crianças e adolescentes saudáveis e com doenças neurológicas podem ser reunidas em grupos distintos e homogêneos, usando como critérios o desempenho cognitivo, o funcionamento motor e as percepções dos pais quanto aos facilitadores para a reabilitação. MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo 15 crianças saudáveis (C) e 43 pacientes (28 com paralisia cerebral e 15 com acidente vascular cerebral), entre cinco e 18 anos. Foi aplicado aos pais o instrumento denominado Avaliação dos Fatores Ambientais relacionados à Reabilitação Neurológica Infantil (AFARNI). O comprometimento cognitivo foi avaliado por meio do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental, adaptado para essa faixa etária, e o comprometimento motor foi investigado por avaliação clínica. Para comparar os resultados, foi realizada uma análise de conglomerados e ANOVA. RESULTADOS: A análise de conglomerados identificou quatro grupos de pacientes com características clínicas e sociodemográficas distintas, confirmados pela ANOVA (p<0,001). Houve dissociação entre os grupos com relação ao comprometimento cognitivo e motor. Os pais de crianças com maior comprometimento avaliaram de forma mais positiva os facilitadores para a reabilitação. CONCLUSÕES: A qualificação dos facilitadores para a reabilitação por meio da AFARNI e a avaliação cognitiva com auxílio do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental podem contribuir para identificar as necessidades de suporte para crianças com deficiências neurológicas que apresentam comprometimento cognitivo e motor.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether healthy children and adolescents suffering from neurological diseases can be grouped into distinct and homogeneous groups using criteria such as cognitive performance, motor functioning and parents' perceptions about the rehabilitation facilitators. METHODS: Sample was comprised by 15 healthy children and 43 patients (28 with cerebral palsy and 15 with stroke (n=15), aged from five to 18 years old. The Environment Factors Assessment related to the Children Neurologic Rehabilitation (EFACN) was used to assess parents' perception about the rehabilitation facilitators. Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE), adapted for this age, and the motor impairment was clinically evaluated. Cluster analysis and one way ANOVA were conducted to compare the results. RESULTS: Cluster analysis identified four groups with distinct clinical and socio-demographic patterns, confirmed by ANOVA (p<0.001). Dissociation between cognitive and motor functions was found. Parents of children with severe impairment evaluated more positively rehabilitation facilitators. CONCLUSIONS: The qualification of rehabilitation facilitators by EFACN and cognitive assessment by MMSE can help to identify the needs of children with neurological disabilities who present cognitive and motor impairment.