New reference nomograms for the study of ventricular size in preterm infants.

INTRODUCTION: Transfontanellar brain ultrasound is an essential tool for monitoring the size of the ventricles in preterm neonates and has many advantages over other alternative diagnostic techniques, including its accessibility and non-use of ionizing radiation. When considering the normal ventricular size, it is essential to have reference measurements based on age-matched populations. The objective of this article is to present our reference measures, based on a sample of preterm infants that we have studied. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted. Measurements of the Levene index, frontal horn thickness, and Evans index were obtained in preterm neonates from 25 to 45 weeks, over a period of 5 years, between January 2016 and December 2020. After applying the exclusion criteria, a sample of 199 patients and 350 ultrasound scans were obtained. The independent samples t-test and the Mann-Whitney test were used for the comparison of samples. RESULTS: The distribution of the right and left Levene indices was normal (Shapiro-Wilk test with p = 0.16 and 0.05, respectively), unlike the thickness distribution of the frontal horns (p < 0.05 on both sides). No significant differences were detected between the sexes (p = 0.08). A linear correlation was found between the biparietal diameter and the Levene index. CONCLUSION: From the results obtained in our study, we present reference tables for ventricular size, with the 3rd, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 97th, being the first ones made in our country.

Actualización sobre el meningioma: correlación clínico-radiológica y radio-patológica / Update on meningioma: Clinical-radiological and radio-pathological correlation

Los meningiomas son tumores que se originan en las vellosidades aracnoideas y que constituyen la neoplasia no glial más común en el sistema nervioso central. Las manifestaciones clínicas asociadas al meningioma dependen, fundamentalmente, de su localización. La ubicación en la convexidad cerebral es las más frecuente, especialmente en lóbulos frontales, manifestándose con cefalea, alteraciones motoras, convulsiones e, incluso, con trastornos neurocognitivos. Existen 15 subtipos histológicos de meningioma y 3 grados histológicos. Dentro de estos, los grados 2 y 3 tienen un peor pronóstico y una mayor tasa de recurrencia, así como un comportamiento radiológico, por lo general, más agresivo. Aunque existen algunas características de imagen que pueden permitir demostrar un subtipo concreto, el diagnóstico definitivo siempre requerirá la confirmación histológica/molecular.(AU)

Meningiomas are tumors that originate in the arachnoid villi and are the most common non-glial neoplasm in the central nervous system. The clinical manifestations associated with meningioma depend, fundamentally, on its location. The location in the cerebral convexity is the most frequent, especially in the frontal lobes, manifesting with headache, motor disturbances, seizures and even neurocognitive disorders. There are 15 histologic subtypes of meningioma and three histologic grades. Within these, grades two and three have a worse prognosis and a higher rate of recurrence, as well as a radiological behavior that is generally more aggressive. Although there are some imaging features that can suggest a specific subtype, the definitive diagnosis will always require histological/molecular confirmation.(AU)

Update on meningioma: Clinical-radiological and radio-pathological correlation.

Meningiomas are tumors that originate in the arachnoid villi and are the most common non-glial neoplasm in the central nervous system. The clinical manifestations associated with meningioma depend, fundamentally, on its location. The location in the cerebral convexity is the most frequent, especially in the frontal lobes, manifesting with headache, motor disturbances, seizures and even neurocognitive disorders. There are 15 histologic subtypes of meningioma and three histologic grades. Within these, grades two and three have a worse prognosis and a higher rate of recurrence, as well as a radiological behavior that is generally more aggressive. Although there are some imaging features that can suggest a specific subtype, the definitive diagnosis will always require histological/molecular confirmation.

Cost-effectiveness of hydrogel plugs in CT-guided lung biopsies. / Estudio de coste-efectividad sobre la utilización de un tapón de hidrogel en las biopsias pulmonares guiadas por tomografía computarizada.

OBJECTIVE: Using a hydrogel plug decreases the number of cases of pneumothorax and reduces the need for pleural drainage tubes in CT-guided lung biopsies. We aimed to analyze the cost-effectiveness of using hydrogel plugs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed 171 lung biopsies divided into three groups: Group 1 (n=22): fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) without hydrogel plugs; Group 2 (n=89): FNAC with hydrogel plugs; and Group 3 (n=60): FNAC plus core-needle biopsy (CNB) with hydrogel plugs. We calculated the total costs (direct and indirect) in the three groups. We analyzed the percentage of correct diagnoses, the average and incremental rations, and the most cost-effective option. RESULTS: Total costs: Group 1 = 1,261.28 + 52.65 = € 1,313.93; Group 2 = 1,201.36 + 67.25 = € 1,268.61; Group 3 = 1,220.22 + 47.20 = € 1,267.42. Percentage of correct diagnoses: Group 1 = 77.3%, Group 2 = 85.4%, and Group 3 = 95% (p = 0.04). Average cost-effectiveness ratio: Group 1 = 16.99; Group 2 = 14.85; and Group 3 = 13.34. CONCLUSIONS: Group 3 was the best option, with the lowest average cost-effectiveness ratio; therefore, the most cost-effective approach is to do FNAC and CNB using a dehydrated hydrogel plug at the end of the procedure.

The cost effectiveness of vacuum-assisted versus core-needle versus surgical biopsy of breast lesions. / Estudio de costo-efectividad de la biopsia mamaria asistida por vacío versus biopsia con aguja gruesa o arpón.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the cost effectiveness of breast biopsy by 9G vacuum-assisted guided by vertical stereotaxy or ultrasonography in comparison with breast biopsy by 14G core-needle biopsy and surgical biopsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed a total of 997 biopsies (181 vacuum-assisted, 626 core, and 190 surgical biopsies). We calculated the total costs (indirect and direct) of the three types of biopsy. We did not calculate intangible costs. We measured the percentage of correct diagnoses obtained with each technique. To identify the most cost-effective option, we calculated the mean ratios for the three types of biopsies. RESULTS: Total costs were €225.09 for core biopsy, €638.90 for vacuum-assisted biopsy, and €1780.01 for surgical biopsy. The overall percentage of correct diagnoses was 91.81% for core biopsy, 94.03% for vacuum-assisted biopsy, and 100% for surgical biopsy; however, these differences did not reach statistical significance (p=0.3485). For microcalcifications, the percentage of correct diagnoses was 50% for core biopsy and 96.77% for vacuum-assisted biopsy (p<0.0001). For nodules, there were no significant differences among techniques. The mean cost-effectiveness ratio considering all lesions was 2.45 for core biopsy, 6.79 for vacuum-assisted biopsy, and 17.80 for surgical biopsy. CONCLUSION: Core biopsy was the dominant option for the diagnosis of suspicious breast lesions in general. However, in cases with microcalcifications, the low percentage of correct diagnoses achieved by core biopsy (50%) advises against its use in this context, where vacuum-assisted biopsy would be the technique of choice because it is more cost-effective than surgical biopsy, the other technique indicated for biopsying microcalcifications.

[Update on the radiological study of pulmonary tuberculosis]. / Puesta al día en el estudio radiológico de la tuberculosis pulmonary.

Tuberculosis has made a comeback in recent years. This upsurge has been attributed to factors such as increased immigration and the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic. Primary pulmonary tuberculosis manifests radiologically with parenchymal involvement, lymph node involvement, pleural effusion, and/or miliary disease. In post-primary tuberculosis, the earliest radiological sign is small nodules and branching centrilobular lesions that increase in size and coalesce to form ill-defined patchy consolidations; cavitations are very characteristic of active disease. The aim of this article is to describe the radiologic findings for pulmonary tuberculosis and its complications.

Radiografía de tórax

No disponible

Sonographically guided percutaneous biopsy of gastrointestinal tract lesions.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the role and safety of sonographically guided percutaneous biopsy in the diagnosis of digestive tract lesions when the lesions are not suitable to biopsy by endoscopy and safely reachable by sonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed 42 biopsies in 41 patients (age range, 14-81 years; mean age, 57.5 years). We performed biopsies with real-time sonographic guidance using graded compression, with a 3.5-5-MHz microconvex transducer. In 39 biopsies, core specimens were obtained with an 18-gauge automatic needle gun; fine-needle aspiration biopsy was obtained in 28 patients with a 22-gauge needle and in the other four patients with a 21-gauge needle. In the remaining three patients, a coaxial technique with 20- and 22-gauge needles for cytology was used. RESULTS: In 40 (95.2%) of 42 core biopsies performed, a specific diagnosis was obtained. A positive diagnosis was obtained in 16 (45.7%) of 35 fine-needle aspirations. The lesions were located from the pharynx to the sigmoid colon. Twenty-eight patients had malignant lesions, and 13 had benign lesions. Only one serious complication, bile peritonitis, was observed. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous biopsy with sonographic guidance can be used safely and efficiently to diagnose digestive tract lesions that can be visualized on sonography and are not accessible endoscopically.

Ultrasound-guided skeletal biopsies.

OBJECTIVE: Percutaneous biopsy of skeletal lesions is a widely used diagnostic technique that involves fluoroscopic or computerized tomography guidance. The objective of this report is to describe the use of ultrasonography in the guidance of percutaneous biopsy of skeletal lesions. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: We employed ultrasound to guide percutaneous biopsy in 65 skeletal lesions in 63 patients (30 male and 33 female) whose ages ranged from 1 to 82 years (mean 47.2 years ). The lesions were divided into four groups: group 1 ( n=41) were lytic with a soft tissue mass, group 2 ( n=14) were lytic with a disrupted cortex without a soft tissue mass, group 3 ( n=4) were lytic with an intact cortex and group 4 ( n=6) were sclerotic lesions. Different techniques and materials were used in each group. RESULTS: Cytologic assessment obtained the diagnosis in 50 cases, (success rate 76.9%), histology in 56 cases (86.1%) and a combination of both in 60 cases (92.3%). There were no complications. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound is a highly accurate and safe method of guidance in percutaneous biopsy of bone lesions, either lytic or sclerotic, because it can identify subtle changes in the cortical and the associated soft tissue component.

Radiografía de tórax

No disponible

La tomografía axial computarizada en la enfermedad cerebrovascular

En los Estados Unidos, la información sobre los factores de riesgo combinada con el control de la hipertensión ha reducido los ictus y las muertes relacionadas con ellos en un 50 por ciento en las tres últimas décadas. Sin embargo, el ictus sigue siendo una de las causas principales de discapacidad y la tercera causa de muerte tras la enfermedad cardiovascular no cerebral y el cáncer. Con la llegada de nuevos tratamientos, agresivos pero prometedores, la identificación precoz de la isquemia cerebral sitúa el diagnóstico por la imagen en la vanguardia del control de los accidentes cerebrovasculares (AU)

La ecografía del tracto gastrointestinal en los pacientes adultos

Durante años el tracto gastrointestinal ha resultado ser un problema para la ecografía, puesto que la presencia intraluminal de líquido y gas creaban artefactos o impedían la visualización de muchas de las estructuras anatómicas abdominales. No obstante, actualmente la ecografía se aplica con éxito en el estudio de múltiples procesos patológicos que afectan al tubo digestivo, tanto en pacientes adultos como en edad pediátrica.Hemos dividido, a efectos didácticos, las aplicaciones de la ecografía en los problemas más comunes en la edad adulta (enfermedades neoplásicas, inflamatorias, infecciosas y una miscelánea). Finalmente veremos que la ecografía realmente es una técnica muy sensible para las lesiones del tubo digestivo, pero muy poco específica, con lo cual muchas veces será necesario biopsiar la lesión para conocer el diagnóstico. En determinadas situaciones la lesión no está al alcance del endoscopio y entonces la ecografía puede usarse como guía para dirigir la biopsia al segmento afecto (AU)

La ecografía en la patología del tubo digestivo en los pacientes pediátricos

La ecografía representa una exploración en tiempo real, accesible, barata, no ionizante y que en manos experimentadas posee una gran utilidad en los procesos patológicos más frecuentes que afectan al tubo digestivo en pacientes en edades pediátricas. Constituye, dada su inocuidad, una exploración de primera línea a realizar dentro de la batería diagnóstica que poseemos los radiólogos para el despistaje de la patología digestiva (AU)

[Bouveret's syndrome: the clinical and radiological findings]. / Síndrome de Bouveret: hallazgos clínicos y radiológicos.

Bouveret's syndrome is an unusual presentation of gallstone ileus, due to duodenal obstruction. It is produced by the migration of biliary calculus through a cholecystogastric or cholecystoduodenal fistula. We present 3 new cases of Bouveret's syndrome, and the clinical and radiological findings on different imaging procedures (plain abdominal radiography, barium studies, ultrasonography and computed tomography). On the basis of these cases, we discuss the diagnostic and possibly therapeutic merits of digestive endoscopy and about the different surgical procedures.

[Cacchi Ricci disease. Report of a case]. / Enfermedad de Cacchi Ricci. A propósito de un caso.

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of medullary sponge kidney (Cacchi-Ricci disease) with special reference to the radiologid findings that permit early diagnosis of this rare condition. METHODS: The most relevant clinical features and radiological findings in a patient with Cacchi-Ricci disease are described. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Medullaty sponge kidney, tubular ectasia or Cacchi-Ricci disease is a congenital renal medullary cystic disease that is asymptomatic in most of the cases, but can also present with hematuria, urinary infection or renal colic, with the characteristic spony, porous appearance of the dilated collecting tubules and small calculi in the papilla or renal pyramids on the IVP and, if numerous, also on US. This condition should be distinguished from nephrocalcinosis.

Characterization of solid liver lesions with color and pulsed Doppler imaging.

BACKGROUND: To assess the usefulness of color Doppler and duplex sonography in the characterization of solid liver lesions. METHODS: We performed color Doppler and duplex sonography on 106 solid hepatic lesions. With color Doppler, we evaluated the aspect and distribution of tumoral vessels. The pulsed Doppler parameters considered were only those showing the highest systolic peak velocity values. RESULTS: Intratumoral color and pulsed Doppler signals were obtained in 81% (59/73) of malignant tumors (p < 0. 0001) but only in 18% (6/33) of benign tumors. Ninety-six percent (45/47) of the lesions with arterial intratumoral and peritumoral signals were malignant, whereas 4% were benign (p < 0.0001). Only eight (11%) malignant lesions had intratumoral venous signal vis-a-vis 23 (70%) benign. Twelve cases showing intratumoral venous Doppler signal as a single finding were benign. No statistically significant differences were observed in the quantitative parameters recorded by pulsed Doppler (Student t test, p < 0.05), there having been a clear overlapping in the values obtained in benign and malignant lesions. CONCLUSIONS: (a) The type of signal (arterial or venous) and its distribution detected by color and pulsed Doppler is more helpful than the assessment of the spectral quantitative parameters obtained by pulsed Doppler. (b) The presence of intratumoral venous flow remarkably suggests benignancy. (c) The presence of both intra- and peritumoral arterial flow in the same lesion strongly suggests malignancy.

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: percutaneous biopsy under ultrasound guidance.

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG) is an unusual disorder that is characterized by diffuse or scattered eosinophilic infiltration of the digestive tract. The diagnosis is based on histology obtained by capsule, endoscopic, laparoscopic, or laparotomy biopsy. The eosinophilic infiltration produces thickening of the small bowel wall that can be observed by using sonography. The appearance produces the pseudokidney sign that can be used to guide biopsy. We report the first case of EG diagnosed by percutaneous biopsy under ultrasound guidance.

[Familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. The usefulness of ultrasonography and Doppler color]. / Carcinoma medular de tiroides familiar. Utilidad de la ultrasonografía y Doppler color.

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) is an uncommon malignant neoplasm, which occurs sporadically and in three familial syndromes with a dominant autosomal transmission mode. We studied a family of 13 members in which four of them (two males and two females: sons, mother and niece) were involved with MCT. All of them underwent mode-B echography and colour-Doppler echography and pulsed colour Doppler, with measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and calcitonin, in an attempt to delineate a pattern useful to differentiate malignant from benign thyroid pathology. Colour Doppler signal was of little usefulness for histologic characterization in function of vascularization, although it was useful for delineating nodules in non-homogeneous glands.