Alternativas de utilização de resíduos sólidos alcalinos na disposição de resíduos contaminados: estudo de caso no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Alkaline residues alternatives for use in the landfill of a contaminated solid residues: case study from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo dos elementos potencialmente contaminantes presentes nos rejeitos industriais que são dispostos no meio ambiente e, por processo de lixiviação, carreados para os corpos hídricos. Dois tipos de resíduos foram estudados. Um deles, proveniente da indústria de produção de aço (escória da aciaria), de características alcalina. Este rejeito é considerado relativamente estável pelos padrões vigentes devido às suas características (Cd<0.5 mg/Kg, Pb<10 mg/Kg, Co<5 mg/Kg, Cu=61 mg/Kg, Ni<1.5 mg/Kg, Zn=75 mg/Kg). No entanto, até o momento, não existe uma alternativa para a sua total utilização. O outro resíduo, oriundo de um passivo ambiental, de uma indústria de galvanoplastia (Classe I: ABNT, 1987), cerrada oficialmente em 1998.

The goal of this work is to study the potentially contaminating trace elements present in industrial waste that is discharged into the environment though lixiviation process to water resources. Two types of waste were studied. The first one, a refuse slag from steel industry, an alkaline residue. Even though this waste is considered relatively stable within the established standards set by current legislation due to its characteristics (Cd<0.5 mg/Kg, Pb<10 mg/Kg, Co<5 mg/Kg, Cu=61 mg/Kg, Ni<1.5 mg/Kg, Zn=75 mg/Kg), there is so far no feasible alternative for its total reutilization. The other one a residue from the electroplating industry (Class I: ABNT, 1987), closed down in 1998.

[Retention of knowledge. III--Gynecology program]. / Retenção de conhecimentos. III--programa de ginecologia.

The authors present the result of an educational investigation of knowledge retention concerning a Gynecology program. The research was developed by comparing the marks obtained in the fourth, fifth and sixth years. The examinations had the same content but were not identical. Between the fourth and fifth year, the loss of knowledge observed was -45.0% +/- 1.4% (average +/- standard error) and was not influenced by the time between the two examinations. The examinations between the fifth and sixth years indicated a gain of knowledge of +72.8% +/- 11.1% (average +/- standard error) and was influenced by the time between the two examinations.

[Comparative analysis of PAC-I and PAC-II]. / Análise comparativa entre PAC-I e PAC-II.

Comparison between the results of students' evaluation of the University of São Paulo Medical School with the results of the coordinators' evaluation of their own program is presented; 32 programs during 1996 were studied. In 50% of the cases, the students and professors evaluation were identical. In 28.1% of the cases, the evaluations made by students were higher than the professors' evaluation, mainly in clerkship. In 21.8% of the cases, the contrary took place mainly in the first to fourth year programs.

[Importance of schedule in medical graduation: the example of Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP)]. / A importância da carga horária na graduação médica: o exemplo da FMUSP.

Results of educational research which were realized in 1996 are presented. The effective use of available schedule in each discipline of medical curriculum in FMUSP was registered by previously prepared students. In global analysis 13.9% of available hours were not utilized. Research results were compared with those ones registered in Curricular Evaluation Program (PAC); final figures revealed that better utilization in available schedule is correlated with better assessment in PAC model.

[Teacher's opinions regarding graduation programs at the University of São Paulo Medical School--PAC-II]. / A opinião dos professores sobre seus programas na graduação médica da FMUSP-O PAC-II.

The authors show the results of the "Curricular Evaluation Program" of University of São Paulo Medical School pertaining to the year of 1996. This program (PAC-II) is based on teachers' opinions regarding the subjects taught (1st to 4th grades) and hospital intern courses. The opinions collected concerning such programs were definitely favorable. Most of the teachers considered the programs to be either good or very good. It was also identified that the hospital intern courses were a little more valued than the other courses taught in the first four grades.

[Knowledge retention. II--Orthopedics and traumatology programs]. / Retenção de conhecimentos. II--Programa de ortopedia e traumatologia.

The authors present the results of an educational investigation of knowledge retention concerning a Orthopedics and Traumatology program. The research was developed by comparing the marks obtained in the fourth and sixth years. The examinations had the same content but were not identical. Between the two examinations, the loss of knowledge was -17.5% +/- 1.0% (average +/- standard error) and was not influenced by the time between the two examinations.

[Retention of knowledge. I--Dermatology and psychiatry programs]. / Retenção de conhecimentos. I--programas de dermatologia e de psiquiatria.

The authors present the results of an education investigation of knowledge retention. The programs of Dermatology and Psychiatry were studied, comparing the marks obtained in the fourth and fifth years. The examinations had the same content but were not identical and the fifth year's examination was applied in the first day of the training program. The losses of knowledge observed (average +/- standard error) were 20.0 +/- 2% for Dermatology and 27.0 +/- 3% for Psychiatry. These losses were not influenced by the time between the two examinations, by student's sex or race (oriental or not), or by the fact that the student had studied the contents of the disciplines out of the University program (hidden curriculum).

[Program evaluation Curriculum of the University of São Paulo Medical School. For the year 1994 and the period 1989-1994]. / Programa de avaliação curricular da FMUSP--o ano de 1994 e o período de 1989-1994.

The authors present the results of the Program of Curriculum Evaluation of the University of São Paulo Medical School for the year of 1994, as well as the 1989-1994 period. The academic year of 1994 wasn't a good year to the medical graduation regarding disciplines from the first to the fourth year; only 14.3% of the disciplines achieved 90% or more of "excellent" + "good". The disciplines held at internship continued, on the most, doing well. The analysis of the 1989-1994 period outstands different sequential evaluation.

[Curriculum evaluation program of the University of São Paulo Medical School--results for 1993 and a 5-year analysis]. / Programa de avaliação curricular da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo--resultados de 1993 e análise quinqüenal.

The following report contains the results of the "Curricular Evaluation Program" of University of São Paulo Medical School pertaining to the year of 1993 and to the five-year period between 1989 and 1993. This evaluation of all undergraduate courses was made by students, responding to questionnaires supplied at the end of each program. In 1993, 60.6% of programs were considered as very good programs. In relation to 1989-1993 period, are presented the results of a disciplines group of the 4th year and a internship stages of the 5th year.

[Opinion of the people in charge of the medical graduation disciplines at the São Paulo University Medical School on the 'curriculum evaluation program']. / Opinião dos responsáveis pelas Disciplinas da Graduação Médica da FMUSP sobre o "Programa de Avaliação Curricular".

Results of "Curricular Evaluation Program" (CEP) of Medical School of S. Paulo University (FMUSP) are presented. CEP numbers are obtained form students answers offered to a padronized questionnaire which included theoretical and practical aspects of curricular process. Authors asked for the opinion of curricular disciplines coordinators of FMUSP about CEP and concluded: 1. CEP has large or reasonable profitability for 95.3% of coordinators; 2. CEP questionnaire was considered adequate by 85.7% of respondents, but 42.8% mentioned deficiencies in questionnaire revitance to them; 3. CEP presents excellent performance at FMUSP departments level.

[Institutional and departmental teaching hours of 2 curricula at the medical school of the São Paulo University--comparative analysis]. / Cargas horárias institucionais e departamentais de dois currículos da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo--análise comparativa.

The teaching results of the curriculum adopted at the Medical School of the University of São Paulo in the last three years were compared with those observed formerly. There was a diminution of 15.97% of teaching hours at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and an increase of 3.68% of teaching hours at the Medical Faculty. The highest increase was observed at the Department of Radiology (27.77%) and the lowest at the Department of the Preventive Medicine (40.0%). This fact shows that the greater importance was given in the new curriculum to the part concerning specialization.

[Typology of performance of graduate course disciplines in medicine at the Medical School of the University of São Paulo]. / Tipologia do desempenho das disciplinas do curso de graduação em medicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-analise trienal.

The results of the program for the evaluation of the curriculum of the graduation course of the Medical Faculty of the University of São Paulo are presented and discussed. Following disciplines received special attention: practice in a hospital for infections diseases, orthopedics and traumatology, medical imagery, propedeutics and preventive and social pediatrics. These disciplines were chosen in an aleatory way among those that correspond to the four models of the behaviour: increasing, decreasing, decreasing/increasing and increasing/decreasing.

[Medical pedagogy and special didactics in graduate courses at the medical school of the University of São Paulo, Brazil]. / As disciplinas de didática especial e de pedagogia médica no curso de pós-graduação da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S. Paulo.

Graduate courses of medical pedagogy and special didactics at S. Paulo University Medical School are analysed. The authors present objectives, subject matters and methodologies of both courses, as well as their evaluation by the graduate students. After an initial rejection, the evaluation became very positive (67% in medical pedagogy and 82% in special didactics). Some future perspectives are discussed.

[Effects of previous distribution of documents containing educational objectives on the teaching of pediatrics]. / Efeitos da distribuição prévia de documento contendo objetivos educacionais sobre o ensino de pediatria.

The authors discuss the usefulness of giving to the students of the Department of Pediatrics of the University of São Paulo instructions regarding the educational objectives of the graduation course. An inquiry was carried out with the collaboration of: 1) members of the Departmental Council and of the Commission for Graduation; 2) teachers responsible for the course, and 3) the students. Only 32.9% of the consulted students affirmed that the knowledge of educational objectives had a positive influence on their study.

[Curricular evaluation program of the Medical School of the University of São Paulo]. / Programa de avaliação curricular da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo.

The authors present a feed-back evaluation of the curriculum of the University of São Paulo Medical School, made by the students that attended the course. History, methodology, implantation and illustrative results are presented.

[Profile of former students of the Medical School of the University of São Paulo]. / Perfil do ex-aluno da faculdade de medicina da universidade de São Paulo.

The authors present results of an inquiry involving 3,309 physicians graduated at the University of S. Paulo School of Medicine in the 1958-1989 period. Concerning sex, there were 79% male and 21% female students (6% female in 1958-1963 period and 38% in 1958-1989). Medical residence (1-4 years) were done by 91% of all inquired physicians. Postgraduate education was performed by 26% of the graduates in master degree and by 29% in doctorate degree. In reference to professional work, 26% exert surgical specialties, 20% clinical specialties, 13% pediatric specialties, 9% gynecology and obstetrics, 9% psychiatry and 5% neurology. Eighty por cent of them perform their activity as non employed professionals, sometimes associated with some other form of work; of those, 40% earn more than 60% of their total income as non employed professionals. Three different curricular structures were analyzed in this inquiry. In the period 1958-1980 (traditional curriculum), the areas considered more attractive and important were: medical and surgical clinics, pediatrics, anatomy, physiology and pathological anatomy. The less motivating were: legal medicine, psychiatry, phthisiology. In the experimental curriculum (1974-1980) the more attractive areas were: biochemistry, pediatrics, surgical and pediatric internship, general pathology and medical clinics. The less motivating areas were: mathematics, statistics, medical deontology, preventive medicine, ophthalmology and psychiatry. In the unified curriculum (1980-1989), the preferred areas were: general pathology, medical and surgical propedeutics, infantile-maternal, clinical and surgical internship. The less motivating ones were: preventive medicine, otorhynolaringology, anesthesiology, genetics and statistics.

[Evaluation of the establishment of a clinical pediatrics program for the students of 6th year of medicine at the University Hospital of the Universidade de São Paulo]. / Avaliação da implantação do programa de pediatria clínica para os alunos do sexto ano de medicina no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo.

The authors present an educational investigation performed with students of the 6th year of the University of São Paulo Medical School. The results of the diagnostic evaluation employed with the fifth grade students in 1984 defining the target-population of the future course; the results of the questionnaire used with the assistants of, the teaching body of the course. The formulation of the terminal objectives of the course and the results of its operation during 1985, are presented. To proceed to the analysis of the results, tests on the program syllabus were applied at the beginning and end of the training period, which are compared in the global sense and according to subjects of the program. A statistical analysis was carried out, by non-parametric tests of Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney to check the significance of the percentual yield (difference in performance before and after the training period). The result was that at the end of the course most of the students had achieved a satisfactory degree of improvement (higher than 75%). However, the percentual yield was contrariwise proportional to the performance of the students in the pre-evaluation, showing a homogenization of the students at the end of the training period. Among the subjects evaluated, the hydroelectrolytic balance was the one to present a smaller percentual profit for most of the students, without the occurrence of a significative variation of the performance, when compared before and after the course. No difference either was noticed among the groups of students stratified by area of option for medical residence.

[The teaching of preventive and social pediatrics at the undergraduate level in the school of medicine of the University of São Paulo]. / O ensino de pediatria preventiva e social ao nível da graduacão na Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo.

After some considerations about the particular situation of pediatric departments within the global context of the medical education, the authors discuss the graduate teaching of Social and Preventive Pediatrics (primary care), as carried out by the Department of Pediatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School. The following aspects are emphasized: locals or areas of training, academic programs, human resources, duration of training and it's time schedule, number of students and evaluation of the related social and preventive pediatric courses. They conclude pointing to the importance of these courses having in view the terminal performance of the undergraduate students after 1.155 hours of apprenticeship under the supervision of the Department of Pediatrics.