Which Measures Better Discriminate Language Minority Bilingual Children With and Without Developmental Language Disorder? A Study Testing a Combined Protocol of First and Second Language Assessment.

Purpose This study aimed to assess a protocol for the evaluation of developmental language disorder (DLD) in language minority bilingual children (LMBC). The specific aims were (a) to test group differences, (b) to evaluate the discriminant validity of single measures included in the protocol, and (c) to define which model of combined variables had the best results in terms of efficacy and efficiency. Method Two groups of LMBC were involved, one with typical development (n = 35) selected from mainstream schools and one with DLD (n = 20). The study protocol included the collection of demographic information and linguistic history; a battery of standardized tests in their second language (Italian), including nonword repetition, morphosyntactic comprehension and production, and vocabulary and narrative skills; and direct (children's evaluation) and indirect (parents' questionnaire) assessment of linguistic skills in their first language. Results Results showed that the two groups differed in almost all linguistic measures. None of the single measures reached good specificity/sensitivity scores. A combined model that included direct and indirect assessment of first language skills, morphosyntactic comprehension and production, and nonword repetition reached good discriminant validity, with 94.5% of cases correctly classified. Discussion The study defines a complex picture of the linguistic profile in bilingual children with DLD, compared to typically developing bilingual peers. The results reinforce the idea that no single measure can be considered optimal in distinguishing children with DLD from typical peers. The study offers a concrete example of an effective and efficient protocol with which to discriminate LMBC with and without DLD.

Health-Care-Associated Infections Management, sow the seed of good habits: a grounded theory study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE WORK: The reasons that condition and motivate adherence to good practices have a multifactorial nature. From the literature review, emerged different elements that interact within the operating context and represent a part of the variables that condition the "Best Practice". The aim of this research was to investigate the variables that influence adherence to operators' good practices. METHODS: A qualitative study with Grounded Theory (GT) methodology was carried out, which leads to the establishment of a theory about basic social processes. This theory is based on the observation and perception of the social scene and evolves during data collection. Data collection took place through interviews with the participants, through an ad hoc semi-structured interview grid. The initial sampling consisted of 12 health workers, while the theoretical sample was made up of 6 health workers. RESULTS: The analysis organization through the creation of schemes and diagrams has allowed to formulate different concepts including: false beliefs, knowledge and emotions experienced, that connect with the initial condition of Unconsciousness unaware; awareness of the consequences, team, welcome the new, which are connected to the intermediate phase of Revolution of the professional oneself; awareness of the limits, culture, responsibility, context, rigor and control that connects to the final state of Attentive Habit. CONCLUSIONS: The theoretical model develops through a path of growth and revolution that starts from the roots of an Unconsciousness unaware and brings with it the seed of a model.