Asociación entre obesidad, prostatectomía radical y pronóstico oncológico: un enigma que sigue vigente / Obesity and radical prostatectomy: The enigma continues

OBJETIVO: Establecer las asociaciones entre hallazgos intraoperatorios y posoperatorios, así como la evolución oncológica de pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía radical según su índice de masa corporal (IMC). MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional analítico retrospectivo; se revisaron las historias clínicas de 272 pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía radical retropúbica y laparoscópica entre 2012-2014. Se realizó un análisis bivariado para estudiar asociaciones entre IMC y el procedimiento quirúrgico, sus complicaciones, hallazgos patológicos, y evolución oncológica. Se realizó un análisis multivariado para determinar si existía o no una relación independiente entre hallazgos patológicos posquirúrgicos e IMC, ajustando por edad, hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus. RESULTADOS: El total de pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía radical fue de 272: 98 (36,0%) tenían IMC normal, 142 (52,2%) sobrepeso y 32 (11,8%) obesidad. La mediana de edad fue de 61 (rango intercuartil (RIQ)=56-66) años. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las características preoperatorias ni posoperatorias al estratificar por IMC. El tiempo quirúrgico fue mayor (176 minutos, RIQ=165,0-195,5) en los pacientes con obesidad; sin embargo, la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,18). No se reportaron complicaciones intraoperatorias (lesión rectal, vascular o del nervio obturador). El análisis multivariado determinó que la edad, hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus no representaron factores modificadores del efecto. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestro estudio sugiere que no hay diferencias en hallazgos intraoperatorios y posoperatorios al estratificar por IMC. Este estudio representa un punto de partida para futuras investigaciones en nuestra población con miras a definir el impacto del IMC en el CaP y su manejo

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between surgical and postoperative outcomes as well as cancer follow-up of patients who underwent radical prostatectomy according to body mass index (BMI). METHODS: An analytical observational study with retrospective data collection was conducted. We reviewed the medical records of all the patients who underwent radical prostatectomy between the years 2012-2014. The analysis of the data included a bivariate model to study the associations between BMI and the surgical procedure, its complications, oncologic outcomes and cancer follow-up. Then, we used multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine if there was an independent association between oncologic outcomes and BMI; the model was adjusted by age, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: 272 patients underwent radical prostatectomy: 98 (36.0%) had normal BMI, 142 (52.2%) were overweight and 32 (11.8%) were obese. The median age was 61 interquartile range (IQR=56-66) years old. There were no statistically significant differences in the preoperative and postoperative outcomes according to BMI. The obese patients had longer operative time (176 minutes, IQR=165.0-195.5); nonetheless, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.18). There were no complications during the procedure (rectal, vascular or obturator nerve injury). The multivariate analysis showed that age, hypertension and diabetes mellitus were not effect modifiers. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that there are no differences between surgical and postoperative outcomes according to BMI. This study represents a starting point for future research in our population to determine the impact of the BMI on prostate cancer and its management

[Obesity and radical prostatectomy: The enigma continues.] / Asociación entre obesidad, prostatectomía radical y pronóstico oncológico: un enigma que sigue vigente.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between surgical and postoperative outcomes as well as cancer follow-up of patients who underwent radical prostatectomy according to body mass index (BMI). METHODS: An analytical observational study with retrospective data collection was conducted. We reviewed the medical records of all the patients who underwent radical prostatectomy between the years 2012-2014. The analysis of the data included a bivariate model to study the associations between BMI and the surgical procedure, its complications, oncologic outcomes and cancer follow-up. Then, we used multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine if there was an independent association between oncologic outcomes and BMI; the model was adjusted by age, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: 272 patients underwent radical prostatectomy: 98 (36.0%) had normal BMI, 142 (52.2%) were overweight and 32 (11.8%) were obese. The median age was 61 interquartile range (IQR=56-66) years old. There were no statistically significant differences in the preoperative and postoperative outcomes according to BMI. The obese patients had longer operative time (176 minutes, IQR=165.0-195.5) nonetheless, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.18). There were no complications during the procedure (rectal, vascular or obturator nerve injury). The multivariate analysis showed that age, hypertension and diabetes mellitus were not effect modifiers. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that there are no differences between surgical and postoperative outcomes according to BMI. This study represents a starting point for future research in our population to determine the impact of the BMI on prostate cancer and its management.

[Efficacy of lycopene intake in primary prevention of prostate cancer: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis.] / Eficacia del consumo de licopenos en la prevenciín primaria de cáncer de próstata: una revisión sistemática de la literatura y meta­análisis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of lycopene intake in primary prevention of prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS: A systematic search of the literature was conducted in March 2015 and the articles published between the years 1990-2015 were reviewed. The following search terms were used: prostate cancer, prostatic neoplasm, lycopene, prevention, effectiveness and efficacy (MeSH). Publications including research in humans, written in English and whose texts were accessible were reviewed. The types of studies included were: clinical trials, cohort and case-control studies. We found 343 articles; of these, 27 were included in the systematic review. After the latter were rigorously analyzed, 23 were included in the meta-analysis using the pooled odds ratios (OR) and risk ratios (RR) of case-control and cohort studies, respectively, and their confidence intervals (95% CI), using random-effects models with Review Manager 5.2. RESULTS: Out of the 27 articles included in the systematic review, 22 were case-control and 5 were cohort studies. For the case-control studies, the total number of patients with PCa was 13,999 and the total number of controls 22,028. Cohort studies included 187,417 patients and PCa was diagnosed in 8,619 of these. The metaanalysis determined an OR = 0.94 (IC 95% 0.89-1.00) and RR = 0.9 (IC 95% 0.85-0.95) of PCa related with lycopene and/or raw or cooked tomatoes intake. CONCLUSIONS: Although our study found that there is a statistically significant inverse association between lycopene intake and PCa, the magnitude of this association is weak and comes solely from observational studies, which do not allow recommending its use as a standard of practice. High-quality randomized clinical trials are required to clarify current evidence.

Eficacia del consumo de licopenos en la prevención primaria de cáncer de próstata: una revisión sistemática de la literatura y meta-análisis / Efficacy of lycopene intake in primary prevention of prostate cancer: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis

Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del consumo de licopenos en la prevención primaria de CaP. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura en marzo de 2015 y se revisaron artículos publicados entre 1990-2015. Se utilizaron los términos de búsqueda: prostate cancer, prostatic neoplasm, lycopene, prevention, efficacy and effectiveness (MeSH). Se revisaron artículos de investigación en humanos, en inglés y cuyo texto completo fuera accesible. Los tipos de estudio fueron: ensayos clínicos, cohortes y casos y controles. Se encontraron 343 artículos, de los cuales se incluyeron 27 en la revisión sistemática. Después de que estos últimos fueron analizados en profundidad, se incluyeron 23 en el meta-análisis agrupando las razones de probabilidad (OR) y riesgos relativos (RR) de estudios de casos y controles y cohortes, respectivamente, y sus intervalos de confianza (IC 95%), utilizando modelos de efectos aleatorios con Review Manager 5.2. Resultados: De los 27 artículos incluidos en la revisión sistemática, 22 fueron de casos y controles y 5 de cohortes. Para los estudios de casos y controles, el total de pacientes con CaP involucrados fue de 13.999; el total de controles fue 22.028. Los estudios de cohortes contaron con un total de 187.417 participantes y se diagnosticó CaP en 8.619 de estos. El meta-análisis determinó una razón de probabilidad (OR) de CaP de 0,94 (IC 95% 0,89-1,00) y riesgo relativo (RR) de 0,90 (0,85-0,95) en relación al consumo de licopenos y/o tomates crudos o cocidos. Conclusiones: Aunque nuestro estudio encontró que existe una asociación inversa estadísticamente significativa entre la ingesta de licopenos y CaP, la magnitud de esta asociación es débil y proviene de estudios observacionales únicamente, lo cual no permite recomendar su uso como estándar de práctica clínica. Se requieren ensayos clínicos aleatorizados de alta calidad que permitan esclarecer la evidencia actual (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of lycopene intake in primary prevention of prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted in March 2015 and the articles published between the years 1990-2015 were reviewed. The following search terms were used: prostate cancer, prostatic neoplasm, lycopene, prevention, effectiveness and efficacy (MeSH). Publications including research in humans, written in English and whose texts were accessible were reviewed. The types of studies included were: clinical trials, cohort and case-control studies. We found 343 articles; of these, 27 were included in the systematic review. After the latter were rigorously analyzed, 23 were included in the meta-analysis using the pooled odds ratios (OR) and risk ratios (RR) of case-control and cohort studies, respectively, and their confidence intervals (95% CI), using random-effects models with Review Manager 5.2. Results: Out of the 27 articles included in the systematic review, 22 were case-control and 5 were cohort studies. For the case-control studies, the total number of patients with PCa was 13,999 and the total number of controls 22,028. Cohort studies included 187,417 patients and PCa was diagnosed in 8,619 of these. The metaanalysis determined an OR = 0.94 (IC 95% 0.89-1.00) and RR = 0.9 (IC 95% 0.85-0.95) of PCa related with lycopene and/or raw or cooked tomatoes intake. Conclusions: Although our study found that there is a statistically significant inverse association between lycopene intake and PCa, the magnitude of this association is weak and comes solely from observational studies, which do not allow recommending its use as a standard of practice. High-quality randomized clinical trials are required to clarify current evidence (AU)

Histological Findings in Very Low Risk Prostate Cancer Patients Managed with Radical Prostatectomy / Hallazgos histopatológicos en pacientes con cáncer de próstata con criterios de muy bajo riesgo llevados a prostatectomía radical

Objectives: lo describe the histológica] findings in patients with prostate cáncer (PCa) dmically dassifíed as very low risk who underwent treatment with radical prostatectomy (RP). Material and methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted. Clinical records of patients who underwent RP between 2007'2015 who met Epstein criteria for very low risk disease were reviewed. Histológica! diagnosis was described and analyzed to determine ¿f such criteria predicted very low risk. Results: A total of 609 records were reviewed; 83 (13.6%) met Epstein's criteria. Mean age was 59 (SD±7) years and median PSA at diagnosis was 5.4 ng'dl (IQR 4.3 ­ 6.8). Pathology showed a median tumor volume of 4% (IQR 1 ­ 10%). Gleason score was 3+3 in 55 (66.3%) cases, but 28 (33.7%) were redassified to a greater score. Two (2.4%) patients were redassified as pT3a, 80 (96.4%) as pT2 and 1 (1.2%) was found to be pTO. In those subjected to pelvic lymphadenectomy (42.2%) no positive lymph nodes were found. Conclusions: Up to one-third of the patients dinically classmed with very low risk PCa had a greater Gleason score. Only 3% had locally advanced tumors, which is comparable to previous studies. Epstein's criteria seem to be adequate in predicting organ-conñned disease.

Objetivo: Describir los hallazgos de la patología definitiva de los pacientes inicialmente clasificados con tumores de muy bajo riesgo que fueron llevados a prostatectomía radical (PR). Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes llevados a PR entre enero de 2007 y diciembre de 2015. Se describieron y analizaron los hallazgos histopatológicos posquirúrgicos, con el objetivo de determinar si cumplir con dichos criterios eran predictores de enfermedad órgano'confinada y de bajo riesgo. Resultados: Se revisaron 609 historias clínicas de pacientes llevados a PR, de las cuales 53 (13,6%) casos cumplían con criterios de muy bajo riesgo. La media de edad de estos pacientes fue de 59 (DE ± 7) años y la mediana de PSA al diagnóstico fue de 5,4 (RIQ 4,3'6,8) ng'dl. En la patología definitiva, la mediana del volumen tumoral fue del 4% (RIQ: 1'10%). El puntaje de Gleason fue de 3 + 3 en 55 (66,3%) pacientes, mientras que 28 (33,7 %) fueron reclasificados a uno mayor Solo 2 (2,4%) pacientes se reclasificaron como pT3a, 80 (96,4 %) pacientes fueron clasificados como pT2 y un (1,2 %) paciente fue reclasificado como pTO. No se evidenció compromiso ganglionar en ninguno de los pacientes llevados a linfadenectomía. Conclusión: Los hallazgos demuestran que hasta una tercera parte de los pacientes con tumores inicialmente clasificados como de muy bajo riesgo tienen puntajes de Gleason mayor en la patología definitiva; sin embargo, solo el 3 % tienen tumores localmente avanzados, lo cual es consistente con lo reportado en la literatura mundial. Los criterios de Epstein son adecuados para predecir la presencia de tumores órgano-confinados.

Impact of Rectal Swabs on Infectious Complications after Transrectal Prostate Biopsy.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of rectal swabs (RSs) on infectious complications (IC) following prostate biopsy (PB). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted including all patients subjected to PB between 2009 and 2013. Group B consisted of patients with a RS and group A of patients without. RS reported the presence of gram-positive or negative germs, sensitive or resistant to ciprofloxacin. Antimicrobial prophylaxis was adjusted to the result. Frequency of IC in each group was determined. RESULTS: Group B had 548 (47.20%) patients and group A 613 (52.80%). From group B, 250 (45.62%) of the RSs showed fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant germs. Forty nine (16.44%) patients with sensitive germs vs. 147 (59.51%) with resistant germs had a history of previous FQ treatment (p < 0.0001). IC were observed in 33 (5.49%) patients from group A and in 7 (1.28%) patients from group B (p < 0.0001), requiring hospitalization in 4.99 vs. 1.28%, respectively. IC and hospital admissions were reduced in 76.68 and 74.34%, respectively, following the implementation of RS. CONCLUSIONS: RS and targeted antibiotic prophylaxis prior to PB was associated with a significant reduction in IC and hospital admissions. Ceftriaxone could be an alternative in cases of known resistance. Past history of FQ treatment is associated with increased resistance.