Comparative Evaluation of Immune Responses and Protection of Chitosan Nanoparticles and Oil-Emulsion Adjuvants in Avian Coronavirus Inactivated Vaccines in Chickens.

Efficient vaccines are the main strategy to control the avian coronavirus (AvCoV), although several drawbacks related to traditional attenuated and inactivated vaccines have been reported. These counterpoints highlight the importance of developing new alternative vaccines against AvCoV, especially those able to induce long-lasting immune responses. This study evaluated and compared two inactivated vaccines formulated with AvCoV BR-I variants, one composed of chitosan nanoparticles (AvCoV-CS) and the second by Montanide oily adjuvant (AvCoV-O). Both developed vaccines were administered in a single dose or associated with the traditional Mass attenuated vaccine. The AvCoV-CS vaccine administered alone or associated with the Mass vaccine was able to induce strong humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses and complete protection against IBV virulent infection, wherein single administration was characterized by high IgA antibody levels in the mucosa, whereas when associated with the Mass vaccine, the serum IgG antibody was predominantly observed. On the other hand, single administration of the oily vaccine presented poor humoral and CMI responses and consequently incomplete protection against virulent challenge, but when associated with the Mass vaccine, immune responses were developed, and complete protection against infection was observed. Both of our experimental vaccines were able to induce full protection against virulent IBV challenge. A single dose of AvCoV-CS vaccine was sufficient to achieve complete protection, while AvCoV-O required a previous priming by a Mass strain to complete the protection.

Expression of osteoblastic phenotype in periodontal ligament fibroblasts cultured in three-dimensional collagen gel.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of a three-dimensional cell culture model on the expression of osteoblastic phenotype in human periodontal ligament fibroblast (hPDLF) cultures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: hPDLF were seeded on bi-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) collagen type I (experimental groups) and and on a plastic coverslip (control) for up to 14 days. Cell viability and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were performed. Also, cell morphology and immunolabeling for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteopontin (OPN) were assessed by epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. The expression of osteogenic markers, including alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin (OC), collagen I (COL I) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Mineralized bone-like nodule formation was visualized by microscopy and calcium content was assessed quantitatively by alizarin red assay. RESULTS: Experimental cultures produced an increase in cell proliferation. Immunolabeling for OPN and ALP in hPDLF were increased and ALP activity was inhibited by three-dimensional conditions. OPN and RUNX2 gene expression was significantly higher on 3D culture when compared with control surface. Moreover, ALP and COL I gene expression were significantly higher in three-dimensional collagen than in 2D cultures at 7 days. However, at 14 days, 3D cultures exhibited ALP and COL I gene expression significantly lower than the control, and the COL I gene expression was also significantly lower in 3D than in 2D cultures. Significant calcium mineralization was detected and quantified by alizarin red assay, and calcified nodule formation was not affected by tridimensionality. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the 3D cultures are able to support hPDLF proliferation and favor the differentiation and mineralized matrix formation, which may be a potential periodontal regenerative therapy.

Expression of osteoblastic phenotype in periodontal ligament fibroblasts cultured in three-dimensional collagen gel

Objective : To investigate the influence of a three-dimensional cell culture model on the expression of osteoblastic phenotype in human periodontal ligament fibroblast (hPDLF) cultures. Material and Methods : hPDLF were seeded on bi-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) collagen type I (experimental groups) and and on a plastic coverslip (control) for up to 14 days. Cell viability and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were performed. Also, cell morphology and immunolabeling for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteopontin (OPN) were assessed by epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. The expression of osteogenic markers, including alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin (OC), collagen I (COL I) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Mineralized bone-like nodule formation was visualized by microscopy and calcium content was assessed quantitatively by alizarin red assay. Results : Experimental cultures produced an increase in cell proliferation. Immunolabeling for OPN and ALP in hPDLF were increased and ALP activity was inhibited by three-dimensional conditions. OPN and RUNX2 gene expression was significantly higher on 3D culture when compared with control surface. Moreover, ALP and COL I gene expression were significantly higher in three-dimensional collagen than in 2D cultures at 7 days. However, at 14 days, 3D cultures exhibited ALP and COL I gene expression significantly lower than the control, and the COL I gene expression was also significantly lower in 3D than in 2D cultures. Significant calcium mineralization was detected and quantified by alizarin red assay, and calcified nodule formation was not affected by tridimensionality. Conclusion : This study suggests that the 3D cultures are able to support hPDLF proliferation and favor the differentiation and mineralized matrix formation, which may be a potential periodontal regenerative therapy. .

Periodontal disease: a genetic perspective.

Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease that causes tooth loss. The complex pathogenesis of periodontitis implies the involvement of a susceptible host and a bacterial challenge. Many studies have provided a valuable contribution to understanding the genetic basis of periodontal disease, but the specific candidate genes of susceptibility are still unknown. In fact, genome-wide studies and screening of single-nucleotide polymorphisms have yielded new genetic information without a definitive solution for the management of periodontal disease. In this manuscript, we provide an overview of the most relevant literature, presenting the main concepts and insights of the strategies that have been emerging to better diagnose and treat periodontal disease based on biomarker analysis and host modulation.

Periodontal disease: a genetic perspective

Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease that causes tooth loss. The complex pathogenesis of periodontitis implies the involvement of a susceptible host and a bacterial challenge. Many studies have provided a valuable contribution to understanding the genetic basis of periodontal disease, but the specific candidate genes of susceptibility are still unknown. In fact, genome-wide studies and screening of single-nucleotide polymorphisms have yielded new genetic information without a definitive solution for the management of periodontal disease. In this manuscript, we provide an overview of the most relevant literature, presenting the main concepts and insights of the strategies that have been emerging to better diagnose and treat periodontal disease based on biomarker analysis and host modulation.

Cytomegalovirus in colorectal cancer and idiopathic ulcerative colitis.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a genus in the family Herpesviridae that has been associated with gastrointestinal syndromes. In this work we looked for a possible association of CMV infection with colorectal cancer and ulcerative colitis (UC). Blood and enteric tissue samples of 14 patients with colorectal cancer and of 21 with UC were subjected to a nested-PCR that amplifies part of the gB gene of CMV and also to immunohistochemistry using a specific monoclonal antibody to IE 76 kDa protein of CMV. CMV was detected by nested-PCR in the blood and/or the enteric tissue of nine (64.3%) colorectal cancer and 16 (76.2%) ulcerative colitis patients. In the immunohistochemistry it was observed that 12 (12/21, 57.1%) positive enteric tissue samples of patients with UC and none from patients with colorectal cancer (0/14) were positive to CMV. The positivity of CMV infections in the UC patient group (12/21, 57.1%) showed by both techniques, was significantly higher (p = 0.015) than that observed for colorectal cancer patients (2/14, 14.3%). These results suggest an association of ulcerative colitis with CMV infection of the enteric tissue.

Cytomegalovirus in colorectal cancer and idiopathic ulcerative colitis

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a genus in the family Herpesviridae that has been associated with gastrointestinal syndromes. In this work we looked for a possible association of CMV infection with colorectal cancer and ulcerative colitis (UC). Blood and enteric tissue samples of 14 patients with colorectal cancer and of 21 with UC were subjected to a nested-PCR that amplifies part of the gB gene of CMV and also to immunohistochemistry using a specific monoclonal antibody to IE 76kDa protein of CMV. CMV was detected by nested-PCR in the blood and/or the enteric tissue of nine (64.3 percent) colorectal cancer and 16 (76.2 percent) ulcerative colitis patients. In the immunohistochemistry it was observed that 12 (12/21, 57.1 percent) positive enteric tissue samples of patients with UC and none from patients with colorectal cancer (0/14) were positive to CMV. The positivity of CMV infections in the UC patient group (12/21, 57.1 percent) showed by both techniques, was significantly higher (p = 0.015) than that observed for colorectal cancer patients (2/14, 14.3 percent). These results suggest an association of ulcerative colitis with CMV infection of the enteric tissue.

Os Cytomegalovírus (CMV) são um gênero da família Herpesviridae, que pode estar associado a síndromes gastrointestinais. No presente trabalho buscamos uma possível associação da infecção por CMV com câncer coloretal e retocolite ulcerativa (RCU). Amostras de sangue e tecido entérico de 14 pacientes com câncer coloretal e 21 com RCU foram submetidas a uma nested-PCR que amplifica parte do gene gB do CMV e a uma imunohistoquímica utilizando um anticorpo monoclonal específico para proteína IE 76Kda de CMV. CMV foi detectado pela nested-PCR em sangue e/ou tecido entérico de 9 (64,3 por cento) dos pacientes com câncer coloretal e 16 (76,2 por cento) dos pacientes com RCU. Na imunohistoquímica foram observadas 12 (57,1 por cento) amostras positivas para CMV nos pacientes com RCU e nos pacientes com câncer coloretal o CMV não foi detectado em nenhuma amostra. A positividade das infecções no grupo de pacientes com RCU (12/21, 57.1 por cento) foi significantemente mais alta (p = 0,015) que aquela observada nos pacientes com câncer coloretal (2/14, 14.3 por cento). Estes resultados sugerem uma associação da presença de CMV no tecido entérico com RCU.