Assessment of myocardial strain patterns in patients with left bundle branch block using cardiac magnetic resonance.

Recently, a classification with four types of septal longitudinal strain patterns was described using echocardiography, suggesting a pathophysiological continuum of left bundle branch block (LBBB)-induced left ventricle (LV) remodeling. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of classifying these strain patterns using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), and to evaluate their association with LV remodeling and myocardial scar. Single center registry included LBBB patients with septal flash (SF) referred to CMR to assess the cause of LV systolic dysfunction. Semi-automated feature-tracking cardiac resonance (FT-CMR) was used to quantify myocardial strain and detect the four strain patterns. A total of 115 patients were studied (age 66 ± 11 years, 57% men, 28% with ischemic heart disease). In longitudinal strain analysis, 23 patients (20%) were classified in stage LBBB-1, 37 (32.1%) in LBBB-2, 25 (21.7%) in LBBB-3, and 30 (26%) in LBBB-4. Patients at higher stages had more prominent septal flash, higher LV volumes, lower LV ejection fraction, and lower absolute strain values (p < 0.05 for all). Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was found in 55% of the patients (n = 63). No differences were found between the strain patterns regarding the presence, distribution or location of LGE. Among patients with LBBB, there was a good association between strain patterns assessed by FT-CMR analysis and the degree of LV remodeling and LV dysfunction. This association seems to be independent from the presence and distribution of LGE.

Transcription factor 21 gene and prognosis in a coronary population.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Transcription factor 21 (TCF21) is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family, and is critical for embryogenesis of the heart. It regulates differentiation of epicardium-derived cells into smooth muscle cell (SMC) and fibroblast lineages. The biological role of TCF21 in the progression of atherosclerosis is the subject of debate. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the TCF21 rs12190287 gene variant on the prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a Portuguese population from Madeira island. METHODS: We analyzed major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in 1713 CAD patients, mean age 53.3±7.8, 78.7% male, for 5.0±4.3 years. Genotype and allele distribution between groups with and without MACE was determined. The dominant genetic model (heterozygous GC plus homozygous CC) was used and compared with the wild GG to assess survival probability. Cox regression with risk factors and genetic models assessed variables associated with MACE. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to estimate survival. RESULTS: The wild homozygous GG, heterozygous GC and risk CC genotypes were found in 9.5%, 43.2% and 47.3% of the population, respectively. The dominant genetic model remained in the equation as an independent risk factor for MACE (HR 1.41; p=0.033), together with multivessel disease, chronic kidney disease, low physical activity and type 2 diabetes. The C allele in the dominant genetic model showed worse survival (22.5% vs. 44.3%) at 15 years of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The TCF21 rs12190287 variant is a risk factor for CAD events. This gene may influence fundamental SMC processes in response to vascular stress, accelerating atherosclerosis progression, and may represent a target for future therapies.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension: A case report.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common autosomal dominant genetic disorder that affects multiple organ systems and has a wide range of clinical manifestations. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with NF1 (PH-NF1) is rarely seen, but confers a dismal prognosis. In the literature this association has been described in only 31 cases. The authors report the case of a 77-year-old female patient with NF1 complicated by severe precapillary PH despite triple disease-specific oral combination therapy. Because no data are available on the efficacy of specific PH therapy in PH-NF1, these patients should be assessed in expert PH centers and referred for lung transplantation at an early stage.

Genome sequencing and transcriptomic analysis of the Andean killifish Orestias ascotanensis reveals adaptation to high-altitude aquatic life.

Orestias ascotanensis (Cyprinodontidae) is a teleost pupfish endemic to springs feeding into the Ascotan saltpan in the Chilean Altiplano (3,700 m.a.s.l.) and represents an opportunity to study adaptations to high-altitude aquatic environments. We have de novo assembled the genome of O. ascotanensis at high coverage. Comparative analysis of the O. ascotanensis genome showed an overall process of contraction, including loss of genes related to G-protein signaling, chemotaxis and signal transduction, while there was expansion of gene families associated with microtubule-based movement and protein ubiquitination. We identified 818 genes under positive selection, many of which are involved in DNA repair. Additionally, we identified novel and conserved microRNAs expressed in O. ascotanensis and its closely-related species, Orestias gloriae. Our analysis suggests that positive selection and expansion of genes that preserve genome stability are a potential adaptive mechanism to cope with the increased solar UV radiation to which high-altitude animals are exposed to.

Relationship of weight status, physical activity and screen time with academic achievement in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of weight status, physical activity and screen time with academic achievement in Chilean adolescents. METHODS: The present cross-sectional study included 395 adolescents. The International Obesity Task Force cut-off points were used to define the weight status. Physical activity was assessed using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents and screen time was assessed using several questions about television, videogame and computer use. Academic achievement was measured using the mean of the grades obtained in mathematics and language subjects. RESULTS: In both genders, adolescents with obesity and excessive screen time earned worse grades compared to their non-obese peers and their peers that complied with screen time recommendations. The logistic regression analysis showed that adolescents with obesity, classified with medium-low physical activity and excessive screen time recommendations (excess ≥2h/day) are less likely to obtain high academic achievement (boys: OR=0.26; girls: OR=0.23) compared to their non-obese peers, high levels of physical activity and those who comply with the current screen time recommendations. Similar results were observed in adolescents with obesity and classified with medium-low physical activity (boys: OR=0.46; girls: OR=0.33) or excessive screen time (boys: OR=0.35; girls: OR=0.36) compared to adolescents with high levels of physical activity and those who complied with the screen time recommendations, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study shows that when combined, obesity, low-medium levels of physical activity and excessive screen time might be related to poor academic achievement.

Screen time impairs the relationship between physical fitness and academic attainment in children / O tempo de tela prejudica a relação entre a forma física e o sucesso acadêmico em crianças

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was twofold: to analyze the association between physical fitness and academic attainment, and to determine the influence of screen time on the association between physical fitness and academic attainment.METHODS: A cross-sectional study including 395 schoolchildren from seven schools of the Maule Region, Chile (mean age 12.1 years; 50.4% boys) participated in the autumn of 2014 (March to June). Self-reported physical activity and screen time were evaluated. The study measured academic achievement (mean of the grades obtained in several core subjects), physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength), weight, height, parental education, and socioeconomic status. Linear regression analysis was used to analyze the relationships between physical fitness and academic attainment after adjusting for potential confounders by gender. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the differences in academic attainment according to fitness and screen time categories (< 2 hours/day and ≥ 2 hours/day).RESULTS: In both genders good cardiorespiratory fitness levels were associated with high language (ß = 0.272-0.153) and mean academic attainment (ß = 0.192-0.156) grades; however, after adjusting for screen time and other potential confounders, these associations disappear. Similarly, no relationship was observed after analyzing those children who spend more hours of screen time (≥ 2 hours/day).CONCLUSIONS: Academic attainment is associated with higher cardiorespiratory fitness levels; however, it was weakly impaired by screen time. These findings seem to suggest that parents and policymakers should minimize the negative effects of screen time on children's lives to maximize the beneficial effect of healthy habits on academic attainment.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a relação entre a forma física e o sucesso acadêmico e determinar a influência do tempo de tela sobre a relação entre a forma física e o sucesso acadêmico.MÉTODO: Estudo transversal que incluiu 395 crianças em idade escolar de sete escolas da região de Maule, Chile (com idade média de 12,1 anos; 50,4% de meninos), foi feito no outono de 2014 (março a junho). A atividade física e o tempo de tela autorrelatados foram avaliados. Mensuramos o desempenho escolar (média das notas obtidas em diversas matérias principais), a forma física (aptidão cardiorrespiratória e força muscular), o peso, a estatura, a escolaridade dos pais e a condição socioeconômica. A análise de regressão linear foi usada para avaliar as relações entre a forma física e o sucesso acadêmico após o ajuste pelas possíveis variáveis de confusão por sexo. A análise de variância foi usada para avaliar as diferenças no sucesso escolar de acordo com as categorias de forma física e tempo de tela (< 2 horas/dia e ≥ 2 horas/dia).RESULTADOS: Em ambos os sexos, os bons níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória foram associados às maiores notas em línguas (ß = 0,272-0,153) e à média de sucesso acadêmico (ß = 0,192-0,156); contudo, após ajustar o tempo de tela e outras possíveis variáveis de confusão, essas associações desaparecem. Da mesma forma, não foi observada relação após analisar as crianças com mais horas de tempo de tela (≥ 2 horas/dia).CONCLUSÕES: O sucesso acadêmico está associado a maiores níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória; contudo, foi pouco prejudicado pelo tempo de tela. Esses achados parecem sugerir que os pais e órgãos reguladores devem minimizar os efeitos negativos do tempo de tela sobre as vidas das crianças para maximizar o efeito benéfico de hábitos saudáveis sobre o sucesso acadêmico.

Screen time impairs the relationship between physical fitness and academic attainment in children.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was twofold: to analyze the association between physical fitness and academic attainment, and to determine the influence of screen time on the association between physical fitness and academic attainment. METHODS: A cross-sectional study including 395 schoolchildren from seven schools of the Maule Region, Chile (mean age 12.1 years; 50.4% boys) participated in the autumn of 2014 (March to June). Self-reported physical activity and screen time were evaluated. The study measured academic achievement (mean of the grades obtained in several core subjects), physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength), weight, height, parental education, and socioeconomic status. Linear regression analysis was used to analyze the relationships between physical fitness and academic attainment after adjusting for potential confounders by gender. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the differences in academic attainment according to fitness and screen time categories (< 2 hours/day and ≥ 2 hours/day). RESULTS: In both genders good cardiorespiratory fitness levels were associated with high language (ß=0.272-0.153) and mean academic attainment (ß=0.192-0.156) grades; however, after adjusting for screen time and other potential confounders, these associations disappear. Similarly, no relationship was observed after analyzing those children who spend more hours of screen time (≥ 2 hours/day). CONCLUSIONS: Academic attainment is associated with higher cardiorespiratory fitness levels; however, it was weakly impaired by screen time. These findings seem to suggest that parents and policymakers should minimize the negative effects of screen time on children's lives to maximize the beneficial effect of healthy habits on academic attainment.

Hepatic Nrf2 expression is altered by quercetin supplementation in X-irradiated rats.

Whole-body irradiation has been associated with liver function alterations. Ionizing radiation exposure increases oxidative stress and antioxidants can activate transcription of antioxidant target genes. In the present study, modifications of the liver antioxidant system were evaluated at 7 and 30 days following sub-lethal whole-body X-irradiation in male Wistar rats, which were intragastrically supplemented with quercetin or control solvent for 4 days prior to and 6 days following irradiation. Animal groups were as follows: CS, control, solvent-supplemented; CQ, control, quercetin-supplemented; RS, irradiated, solvent-supplemented; and RQ, irradiated, quercetin-supplemented. After 7 days, liver tissue from RS animals demonstrated marked hydropic panlobular degeneration with Mallory bodies in ballooning hepatocytes. These changes were mostly reversed in RQ rats. Lipid peroxidation in addition to copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) protein expression levels were all increased by X-irradiation, but significantly decreased by quercetin supplementation. Catalase (CAT) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) expression levels remained high in irradiated rats regardless of quercetin supplementation. After 30 days, the liver from RS animals had small portal infiltrates and diffuse cytoplasmic vacuolization, with reduced lipid peroxidation and reduced expression levels of CAT, NQO1, Nrf2 and Keap1, but consistently elevated Cu/Zn-SOD expression. RQ animals indicated reduced expression levels of Nrf2 and Keap1 30 days after irradiation. The present study demonstrated a quercetin-induced reduction of the oxidative stress-associated increase in Nrf2 expression that may be useful for preventing cancer cell survival in response to ionizing radiation exposure.

Purple grape juice as a protector against acute x-irradiation induced alterations on mobility, anxiety, and feeding behaviour in mice.

The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that a moderate intake of organic purple grape juice shows a positive radiomodifier effect over early behavioural damage following acute X-irradiation in mice. Anxiety-, locomotion-, and feeding-related responses to 6 Gy total body X-irradiation (TBI) were studied via open field, Rotarod, and feeding/drinking recording. Thirty-two male mice weighing 25-30 g were grouped according grape juice (J) or water (W) ad libitum drinking and either non-irradiated (N) or irradiated (R). 24 h post-TBI the access frequency to the center and corners of the open field was decreased, and the total stay in the corners increased, in RW vs. NW mice. Anxiety-related parameters decreased in RJ vs. RW mice. Rotarod latency times increased 72 h post-TBI in RJ vs RW mice. No overall changes in food and drink intake were observed along the experimental period. On the irradiation day, bout number was increased and bout duration was decreased in RW mice. The changes were reversed by purple grape juice intake. Grape juice intake before and after TBI can overcome several radiation-induced changes in behaviour within 24-72 hours after sub-lethal X-irradiation. This beneficial effect on short-term anxiety and mobilityrelated activities could probably be included in the list of flavonoid bio-effects. The present findings could be relevant in designing preventive interventions aimed to enhance body defense mechanisms against short-term irradiation damage.

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo comprobar la hipótesis de que una ingesta moderada de mosto ecológico de uva tinta presenta un efecto radiomodificador positivo sobre los daños comportamentales tempranos inducidos por la irradiación aguda con rayos X en el ratón. Se estudiaron respuestas relacionadas con el comportamiento ingestivo, ansiedad y locomoción frente a la irradiación aguda a cuerpo entero (TBI) con 6 Gy de rayos X, mediante registro directo de la ingestión de agua y alimento, rotarod y open field. Se utilizaron 32 ratones macho con un peso corporal entre 25 y 30 g, agrupados en función de haber sido sometidos a irradiación a cuerpo entero (R) o no (N) y de su ingesta de mosto (J) o agua (W) ad libitum. La frecuencia de acceso al centro y a las esquinas del open field disminuyó 24 horas después de la irradiación, mientras que aumentó la duración de la estancia en las esquinas en los ratones RW respecto a los NW. Los parámetros relacionados con ansiedad disminuyeron en ratones RJ respecto a los RW. No se observaron cambios significativos en la ingestión total de alimento y bebida durante los días analizados; sin embargo, en el día de la irradiación disminuyó el número total de episodios ingestivos al tiempo que aumentó el tamaño de los mismos. Estos cambios revirtieron en los animales que bebieron mosto. La ingesta de mosto antes y después de la irradiación puede revertir cambios comportamentales agudos inducidos por la irradiación subletal. El efecto beneficioso sobre la ansiedad y actividad motora a corto plazo podría ser relevante para diseñar intervenciones preventivas encaminadas a incrementar los mecanismos de defensa del cuerpo frente al daño por irradiación a corto plazo.

Purple grape juice as a protector against acute x-irradiation induced alterations on mobility, anxiety, and feeding behaviour in mice / El mosto de uva tinta como protector frente a las alteraciones agudas de movilidad, ansiedad y comportamiento ingestivo inducidas por rayos x en ratones

The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that a moderate intake of organic purple grape juice shows a positive radiomodifier effect over early behavioural damage following acute X-irradiation in mice. Anxiety-, locomotion-, and feeding-related responses to 6 Gy total body X-irradiation (TBI) were studied via open field, Rotarod, and feeding/drinking recording. Thirty-two male mice weighing 25-30 g were grouped according grape juice (J) or water (W) ad libitum drinking and either non-irradiated (N) or irradiated (R). 24 h post-TBI the access frequency to the center and corners of the open field was decreased, and the total stay in the corners increased, in RW vs. NW mice. Anxiety-related parameters decreased in RJ vs. RW mice. Rotarod latency times increased 72 h post-TBI in RJ vs RW mice. No overall changes in food and drink intake were observed along the experimental period. On the irradiation day, bout number was increased and bout duration was decreased in RW mice. The changes were reversed by purple grape juice intake. Grape juice intake before and after TBI can overcome several radiation-induced changes in behaviour within 24-72 hours after sub-lethal X-irradiation. This beneficial effect on short-term anxiety and mobilityrelated activities could probably be included in the list of flavonoid bio-effects. The present findings could be relevant in designing preventive interventions aimed to enhance body defense mechanisms against short-term irradiation damage (AU)

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo comprobar la hipótesis de que una ingesta moderada de mosto ecológico de uva tinta presenta un efecto radiomodificador positivo sobre los daños comportamentales tempranos inducidos por la irradiación aguda con rayos X en el ratón. Se estudiaron respuestas relacionadas con el comportamiento ingestivo, ansiedad y locomoción frente a la irradiación aguda a cuerpo entero (TBI) con 6 Gy de rayos X, mediante registro directo de la ingestión de agua y alimento, rotarod y open field. Se utilizaron 32 ratones macho con un peso corporal entre 25 y 30 g, agrupados en función de haber sido sometidos a irradiación a cuerpo entero (R) o no (N) y de su ingesta de mosto (J) o agua (W) ad libitum. La frecuencia de acceso al centro y a las esquinas del open field disminuyó 24 horas después de la irradiación, mientras que aumentó la duración de la estancia en las esquinas en los ratones RW respecto a los NW. Los parámetros relacionados con ansiedad disminuyeron en ratones RJ respecto a los RW. No se observaron cambios significativos en la ingestión total de alimento y bebida durante los días analizados; sin embargo, en el día de la irradiación disminuyó el número total de episodios ingestivos al tiempo que aumentó el tamaño de los mismos. Estos cambios revirtieron en los animales que bebieron mosto. La ingesta de mosto antes y después de la irradiación puede revertir cambios comportamentales agudos inducidos por la irradiación subletal. El efecto beneficioso sobre la ansiedad y actividad motora a corto plazo podría ser relevante para diseñar intervenciones preventivas encaminadas a incrementar los mecanismos de defensa del cuerpo frente al daño por irradiación a corto plazo (AU)

Experimental carcinogenesis on the oropharyngeal mucosa of rats with hydrochloric acid, sodium nitrate and pepsin / Carcinogênese experimental na mucosa orofaríngea de ratos com ácido clorídrico, nitrato de sódio e pepsina

PURPOSE: To investigate the carcinogenic action of hydrochloric acid, pepsin and sodium nitrate on the oropharyngeal mucosa of rats, simulating the reflux of gastric contents. METHODS: Eighty-two Wistar rats were divided in seven groups and submitted to 2 or 3 weekly applications of hydrochloric acid, pepsin and sodium nitrate on the pharyngeal mucosa during six months. Study groups comprised 12 animals each. Rats in groups I and II were submitted to 2 (GI) or 3 (GII) weekly applications of 0.1N hydrochloric acid. Groups III and IV were submitted to 2 (GIII) or 3 (GIV) weekly applications of 0.1N hydrochloric acid solution with pepsin. Groups V and VI were submitted to 2 (GV) or 3 (GVI) weekly applications of 0.1N hydrochloric acid and treated with daily nitrate diluted in water. Group VII consisted of 10 animals submitted to 2 weekly applications of filtered water. RESULTS: No dysplasia, intra-epithelial neoplasia or invasive carcinomas were detected. Inflammatory changes were observed in varying degrees and mast cells were more common in Groups V and VI (p=0.006). CONCLUSION: The data of the current study could not corroborate the hypothesis that gastroesophageal and pharyngolaryngeal refluxes are carcinogenic factors to the laryngopharyngeal mucosa, and more studies are necessary in the future.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a ação carcinogênica do ácido clorídrico, pepsina e nitrato de sódio na mucosa orofaríngea de ratos, simulando o refluxo do conteúdo gástrico à mucosa do faringo-laringea. MÉTODOS: Oitenta e dois ratos Wistar foram divididos em 7 grupos e submetidos a 2 ou 3 aplicações semanais de ácido clorídrico, pepsina e nitrato de sódio na mucosa orofaríngea durante 6 meses. Os grupos de estudo envolveram 12 animais cada. Os ratos nos grupos I e II foram submetidos à 2 (GI) ou 3 (GII) aplicações semanais de ácido clorídrico 0,1N. Nos grupos III e IV foram 2 (GIII) ou 3 (GIV) aplicações semanais de ácido clorídrico e pepsina. Nos grupos V e VI foram 2 (GV) ou 3 (GVI) aplicações semanais de ácido clorídrico além da oferta de nitrato diluído em água diariamente. Grupo VII era composto por 10 animais submetidos a 2 aplicações semanais de água filtrada. RESULTADOS: Não se observou displasia, neoplasia intra-epitelial ou neoplasia invasora. Alterações inflamatórias em graus variados foram observadas, com infiltrado mastocitário mais intenso nos grupos V e VI. (p=0,006). CONCLUSÃO: Os dados do presente estudo não confirmam a hipótese que o refluxo gastro-esofágico e faringo-laringeo são fatores carcinogênicos para a mucosa laringo-faringea e mais estudos são necessários no futuro.

Experimental carcinogenesis on the oropharyngeal mucosa of rats with hydrochloric acid, sodium nitrate and pepsin.

PURPOSE: To investigate the carcinogenic action of hydrochloric acid, pepsin and sodium nitrate on the oropharyngeal mucosa of rats, simulating the reflux of gastric contents. METHODS: Eighty-two Wistar rats were divided in seven groups and submitted to 2 or 3 weekly applications of hydrochloric acid, pepsin and sodium nitrate on the pharyngeal mucosa during six months. Study groups comprised 12 animals each. Rats in groups I and II were submitted to 2 (GI) or 3 (GII) weekly applications of 0.1N hydrochloric acid. Groups III and IV were submitted to 2 (GIII) or 3 (GIV) weekly applications of 0.1N hydrochloric acid solution with pepsin. Groups V and VI were submitted to 2 (GV) or 3 (GVI) weekly applications of 0.1N hydrochloric acid and treated with daily nitrate diluted in water. Group VII consisted of 10 animals submitted to 2 weekly applications of filtered water. RESULTS: No dysplasia, intra-epithelial neoplasia or invasive carcinomas were detected. Inflammatory changes were observed in varying degrees and mast cells were more common in Groups V and VI (p=0.006). CONCLUSION: The data of the current study could not corroborate the hypothesis that gastroesophageal and pharyngolaryngeal refluxes are carcinogenic factors to the laryngopharyngeal mucosa, and more studies are necessary in the future.

Gastric proliferative lesions induced by duodenogastric reflux in rats

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as lesões proliferativas que se desenvolvem na mucosa gástrica de ratos Wistar após modelo específico de refluxo duodeno-gástrico.MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 75 ratos adultos machos divididos em três grupos experimentais: o grupo I (controle) submetido a gastrotomia na parede posterior do estômago glandular (25 animais); o grupo II (RDG), foi submetido a gastrojejunoanastomose látero-lateral na parede posterior do estômago glandular (25 animais) e o grupo III (RDG-P) submetido a gastrojejunoanastomose látero-lateral na parede posterior do estômago glandular, com secção e fechamento da alça (25 animais). Os animais foram observados durante 36 semanas, após o que foram realizados estudos macroscópicos e microscópicos da anastomose gastrojejunal, da região pré-pilórica e região escamosa do estômago. RESULTADOS: Os animais do Grupo I não apresentaram nenhum tipo de lesão. No grupo II observou-se 40% de lesões do tipo hiperplasia adenomatosa na anastomose e 12% de hiperplasia escamosa. No grupo III obteve-se 40% de hiperplasia adenomatosa na mucosa pré-pilórica, 72 % de hiperplasia adenomatosa na mucosa da anastomose, 20% de hiperplasia escamosa e 12 % de adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSÕES: O refluxo duodeno-gástrico induz a alta freqüência de lesões proliferativas na mucosa adjacente à anastomose gastrojejunal ou na mucosa pré-pilórica e o adenocarcinoma é um evento raro neste modelo experimental.

Gastric proliferative lesions induced by duodenogastric reflux in rats.

PURPOSE: To analyze mucosal proliferation and its characteristics, through specific models of duodenogastric reflux, in the stomach of Wistar rats. METHODS: Seventy-five healthy and adult male rats were divided into three groups: group I--control (n = 25 animals), submitted to gastrotomy of the posterior wall of the glandular stomach; group II--DGR (n = 25 animals), submitted to duodenogastric reflux through latero-lateral gastrojejunal anastomosis in the posterior wall of the glandular stomach and group III--DGR-P (n = 25 animals), submitted to duodenogastric reflux through the pylorus following the same procedure of group II, sectioning and closing the afferent loop. The animals were observed during 36 weeks and subsequently the mucosal lesions were analyzed, with macroscopic and microscopic examination of the prepyloric, the gastrojejunostomy and the squamous area of the stomach. RESULTS: Group I did not present any kind of lesion. Macroscopic lesions of the prepyloric area in groups II and III were 0% and 20%, respectively. Macroscopic lesions of the gastrojejunal stoma in groups II and III were 36% and 88%, respectively, and 12% and 28%, respectively, in the squamous area. Microscopically, adenomatous hyperplasia (AH), squamous hyperplasia (SH) and adenocarcinoma (AC) were diagnosed. The occurrence of AH at the prepyloric area in groups II and III was 0% and 40%, respectively, and in the gastrojejunal stoma, 40% and 72%, respectively. The occurrence of SH in the squamous area in groups II and III was 12% and 20%, respectively, without statistical differences between the groups. AC was found only in three animals of groups III (12%). CONCLUSIONS: The duodenogastric reflux in this experimental model caused high frequency of proliferative lesions of the gastrojejunal stoma and in the prepyloric area, while adenocarcinoma was a rare occurrence.

Omeprazole and misoprostol for preventing gastric mucosa effects caused by indomethacin and celecoxib in rats.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and to compare macro and microscopically the intense injuries of the gastric mucosa of rats which were caused by NSAIDS celecoxib and indomethacin and the gastric cytoprotection with omeprazole and misoprostol. METHODS: The sample is formed by one hundred and fifty Wistar rats with average weight 200 g, distributed in four groups, such as: Group A, subdivided in groups A1 and A2--pre-treatment with omeprazole (20 mg/rat) during seven days and on the 8th day--use of NSAIDS, concerning A1 (20 rats) were given celecoxib (1mg/rat) and A2 (20 rats) were given indomethacin. The Group B, subdivided in group B1 and B2--pre-treatment with misoprostol (20mg/rat) during seven days and on the 8th day use of NSAIDS, concerning B1 (20 rats) were given celecoxib (1 mg/ rat) and B2 (20 rats) were given indomethacin (12.5 mg/rat). The Group C: were not given cytoprotection during seven days, from the 7th to the 8th day--fast of food and water ad libitum, on the 8th day of NSAIDS use, concerning C1 (20 rats) were given celecoxib, C2 (20 rats) were given indomethacin (12.5 mg/ rat), C3 (20 rats) were given celecoxib (200mg/rato), and Group D--control group, concerning 10 rats were observed during seven days ingesting food and water ad libitum. On the 9th day, the stomachs were taken out and were macro and microscopically evaluated for the identification of the gastric injuries. RESULTS: On the macroscopic studies, the groups A2, B2 and C2 presented a remarkable high number of injuries for cm2/animal, respectively 18.55 injuries for cm2/animal, 16.25 injuries for cm2/animal and 13.55 injuries for cm2/animal. On the microscopic studies, the percentage of the injured mucosa, presented expressive difference among the groups A1, B1, C1 when compared to the groups A2, B2, C2 (p<0.0001). The average of the length/injury and the average of the depth of the injuries did not present expressive statistics differences among the groups A2, B2 and C2. The average of the edema presented expressive statistics difference among the groups A2 and D; B2 and C2 and between C2 and D (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The indomethacin on the applied concentration causes a great number of macroscopic and microscopic injuries to gastric mucosa of rats when compared to celecoxib which does not cause lesions. Omeprazole and misoprostol on the applied concentrations do not present macroscopic and microscopic effectiveness on the gastric cytoprotection when applying indomethacin. Considering the microscopic analysis of the average of the edema, the group of animals, which was given misoprostol as cytoprotection, presented a lower average compared to the group which was given omeprazole.

Omeprazole and misoprostol for preventing gastric mucosa effects caused by indomethacin and celecoxib in rats

OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar macro e microscopicamente as lesões agudas da mucosa gástrica de ratos provocadas pelos AINEs celecoxib e indometacina e a citoproteção gástrica com omeprazol e misoprostol. MÉTODOS: A amostragem consistiu 150 ratos machos da raça Wistar, com peso médio de 200g, divididos em quatro grupos, a saber: grupo A, subdividido em grupos A1 e A2 – pré-tratamento com omeprazol (20 mg/rato) durante sete dias, e no oitavo dia receberam o AINEs, sendo A1 (20 ratos) receberam celecoxib (1mg/rato) e A2 (20 ratos) receberam indometacina (12,5mg/rato). O grupo B, subdividido em grupo B1 e B2 – pré-tratamento com misoprostol (20ìg/rato) durante sete dias e no oitavo dia receberam AINEs, sendo B1 (20 ratos) receberam celecoxib (1mg/rato) e B2 (20 ratos) receberam indometacina (12,5mg/rato). O grupo C não recebeu citoproteção durante sete dias e no oitavo dia recebeu AINEs, sendo C1 (20 ratos) receberam celecoxib (1mg/rato) , C2 (20ratos) receberam indometacina (12,5mg/rato), C3 (20 ratos) receberam celecoxib e grupo D – grupo controle, no qual dez ratos foram observados recebendo ração e água ad libitum. A seguir, no 9º dia (de todos os grupos), os estômagos eram removidos e avaliados macro e microscopicamente para a identificação das lesões gástricas. RESULTADOS: Na análise macroscópica, os grupos A2, B2 e C2 apresentaram número de lesões por cm2/animal significativamente elevados, sendo respectivamente 18,55 lesões por cm2/animal, 16,25 lesões por cm2/animal e 13,55 lesões por cm2/animal. Na análise microscópica, a porcentagem da mucosa com lesão mostrou diferença significativa entre os grupos A1, B1, C1 quando comparados com os grupos A2, B2 e C2 (p<0,0001). Os resultados da média da extensão/lesão e da média da profundidade das lesões não mostraram diferenças estatísticas significativas entre os grupos A2, B2 e C2. A média do edema mostrou diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos A2 e D; B2 e C2 e entre C2 e D (p<0,05)...

A benzilamino-oxidase (BzAO) em portadores de adenocarcinoma gástrico avançado / Benzylamine oxidase in patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma

OBJETIVO: Realizar dosagens da benzilamino-oxidase (BzAO), uma enzima tissular localizada na túnica média dos vasos sanguíneos, mais precisamente no músculo liso, em fragmentos tumorais e não tumorais de peças cirúrgicas ressecadas de portadores de adenocarcinoma gástrico avançado. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 24 doentes (18 masculinos e seis femininos com média de idade de 55,4 anos). Quanto à localização do tumor, eram 11 do antro gástrico, nove do corpo, dois da cárdia, um do corpo e antro e um do fundo, sendo que 12 doentes foram submetidos a gastrectomia subtotal e os demais a gastrectomia total com esplenectomia, todos com linfadenectomia a D2. As dosagens de BzAO foram correlacionadas com idade , sexo , tempo de história da doença, local do tumor no estômago, tipo histopatólogico e cirurgia realizada. RESULTADOS: A atividade enzimática da BzAO nos tecidos gástricos normais variou de 22,9 mM a 111 mM (média de 57,1), sendo superior nos tecidos tumorais em todos os casos, variando de 35,5 mM a 148 mM (média de 70,7). A análise estatística pelo teste t de student mostrou diferença significativa entre as duas dosagens (desvio padrão de 2,373 e p = 0,0263, portanto p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: As dosagens de BzAO foram mais elevadas nos fragmentos tumorais gástricos, sugerindo existir correlação entre a BzAO e a angiogênese, e, portanto, a possibilidade de utilização de terapias antiangiogênicas que atuem inibindo o crescimento tumoral e metastático.