ABSTRACT
Doryctobracon maculatus Marinho, a new species of Braconidae (Opiinae) collected in the municipalities of Piracicaba and São Roque, state of São Paulo, Brazil, is described and illustrated. This new species is placed in group of species with areolate propodeum, but is easily distinguished from other species of this group, and other members of the genus by the noticeable black to dark-brown spots on the head, mesosoma and metasoma. This new species was reared in larvae of Anastrepha pseudoparallela (Diptera, Tephritidae) in passion fruits, Passiflora alata Curtis (Passifloraceae). An illustrated key to species of Doryctobracon recorded in Brazil is presented.
Subject(s)
Hymenoptera , Tephritidae , Animals , Brazil , Fruit , Hymenoptera/classification , Hymenoptera/physiology , Larva , Tephritidae/classification , Tephritidae/physiologyABSTRACT
Essential oils from six species of aromatic plants collected in the Catamarca Province of Argentina were evaluated for their chemical composition and repellent and insecticidal activities against beetles of the genus Carpophilus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and Oryzaephilus (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) that infest the local walnut production. Experimental data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations, with normal distribution and the identity link function. From the spectral information from the tested essential oils, we worked their molecular modeling as mixtures by developing mixture descriptors ( Dmix) that combined the molecular descriptor of each component in the mixture ( d i) and its relative concentration ( x i), i.e., Dmix = f( d i, x i). The application of chemoinformatic approaches determined that a combination of mixture descriptors related to molecular size, branchedness, charge distribution, and electronegativity were useful to explain the bioactivity profile against Carpophilus spp. and Oryzaephilus spp. The reported models were rigorously validated using stringent statistical parameters and essential oils reported with repellent activity against other beetle species from the Nitidulidae and Silvanidae families. This model confirmed each essential oil as a repellent with a comparable performance to the experimental reports.
Subject(s)
Coleoptera/drug effects , Insect Repellents/chemistry , Insect Repellents/pharmacology , Juglans/parasitology , Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Plant Diseases/parasitology , Animals , Argentina , Coleoptera/physiology , Nuts/parasitology , Plant Diseases/prevention & control , Plant Oils/chemistry , Plant Oils/pharmacology , Quantitative Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The braconid parasitoids of fruit-infesting flies have been more intensively studied from the middle to late 1990s, when taxonomic research was restarted in Brazil. At the same time, efforts toward the biological control of fruit flies intensified, and an exotic species, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, was introduced. In the decade 2010, another exotic species, Fopius arisanus, was introduced, and two new species of Doryctobracon were described. Currently, 12 species of braconids from the subfamilies Alysiinae (two species) and Opiinae (10 species) are associated with fruit flies of economic importance in Brazil, two of which are introduced species. More than half of the species belong to the genus Doryctobracon, with D. areolatus (Szépligeti) the most widely distributed species in Brazil.
Subject(s)
Hymenoptera , Tephritidae , Animals , Brazil , DrosophilaABSTRACT
This study clarifies the identity of two morphs that appear similar but not identical to the braconid wasp Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), by analyses of fore wing morphometry and the ITS2 and D2 region of 28S ribosomal DNA. Wing measurements of D. areolatus and the two morphs, one with a yellow stigma and one with a brown stigma, from several Brazilian localities, were taken and subjected to geometric morphometry. Evaluation of 20 anatomical points on the fore wing by means of multivariate analysis revealed that these morphs consistently differ from D. areolatus. Intraspecific size variation in both molecular markers (ITS2 and 28S-D2 rDNA) was also detected among populations of D. areolatus from the states of Amapá, São Paulo, Goiás, and Tocantins, but no such difference was observed among samples of the two morphs. However, high sequence variability was observed for both markers among D. areolatus and these morphs. Morphometric analysis yielded similar results and produced dendrogram congruent with those based on the molecular markers, also indicating that D. areolatus corresponds to a complex of cryptic species. Therefore, our morphometric and molecular data, in addition to revealing that D. areolatus includes cryptic species, showed that the unidentified morphs actually represent two distinct, previously undescribed species of Doryctobracon. These new taxa are formally described herein, as D. whartoni sp. nov. and D. adaimei sp. nov.
Subject(s)
Tephritidae , Animals , Brazil , Phylogeny , WaspsABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to clarify the identity of specimens designated as Opius sp. aff. bellus using geometric morphometry and analysis of the ITS2 region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and region D2 of the 28S rDNA. Opius bellus Gahan is a koinobiont endoparasitoid of fruit fly larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae) exclusively found in the Neotropical region, but widely distributed from Mexico to Argentina. Opius sp. aff. bellus is morphologically similar to Opius bellus but exhibits yellowish, instead of dark-brown, posterior tibiae. Twenty anatomical landmarks on the wings from these two taxa sampled from three Brazilian states were analyzed. Multivariate morphometric analysis showed a large amount of morphological similarity between the specimens, indicating they are the same species. Sequence analysis of the ITS2 showed that intrapopulation variability was similar to interpopulation variability and that the morphotypes were also highly similar. In addition, the D2 region of the 28S rDNA displayed high similarity between sequences. Therefore, based on morphometric and molecular analyses, specimens thought to be Opius sp. aff. bellus actually belong to O. bellus.
Subject(s)
Hymenoptera/classification , Hymenoptera/genetics , Tephritidae/parasitology , Animals , Brazil , DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics , Demography , Female , Genetic Linkage/genetics , Hymenoptera/anatomy & histology , Hymenoptera/physiology , Male , Phylogeny , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
A total of 3,008 braconid parasitoids in 26 species of fruit fly host plants were collected in 33 localities of São Paulo State. The majority of the braconids (96.2%) belonged to four Opiinae species, Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Opius bellus (Gahan) and Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), and the remaining 3.8%, a single species of Alysiinae, Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck). Doryctobracon areolatus was collected on Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied), A. obliqua (Macquart) and A. amita Zucchi, and was found associated with the largest number of fruit fly host plant species (26), being recorded for the first time in fruits of Clausena lansium and Cryptocarya aschersoniana. This species was the most common, occurring in most of the sampled localities, totaling 77.5% of all parasitoids collected. Doryctobracon brasiliensis was associated only with A. fraterculus and recorded, for the first time, in Japanese plum (Prunus salicina). It was not possible to associate the remaining braconids to the fruit fly species. Opius bellus was also reared from larvae in C. aschersoniana. The natural parasitism percentage ranged from <1% to 40%.
Subject(s)
Hymenoptera/physiology , Plants/parasitology , Tephritidae/parasitology , Animals , BrazilABSTRACT
Foram coletados 3.008 braconídeos em larvas/pupas de moscas-das-frutas em 26 espécies de frutos, distribuídos em 33 municípios paulistas. A maioria dos braconídeos pertencia a Opiinae (96,2 por cento), representada por quatro espécies - Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Opius bellus (Gahan) e Utetes anastrephae (Viereck) - e os demais a Alysiinae (3,8 por cento), representada apenas por Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck). Doryctobracon areolatus foi atraída por mais frutos hospedeiros de moscas-das-frutas (26) e ocorreu na maioria dos municípios amostrados, totalizando 77,5 por cento dos parasitóides coletados. Doryctobracon areolatus foi associada com Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.), A. obliqua (Macquart), A. amita Zucchi e, pela primeira vez, em frutos de wampi (Clausena lansium) e em canela-batalha (Cryptocarya aschersoniana). Doryctobracon brasiliensis foi associada apenas com A. fraterculus e registrada, pela primeira vez, em larvas em ameixa-japonesa (Prunus salicina). Não foi possível associar as demais espécies de parasitóides às espécies de moscas-das-frutas. Opius bellus foi obtida de larvas em canela-batalha. A percentagem de parasitismo natural variou de <1 por cento a 40 por cento.
A total of 3,008 braconid parasitoids in 26 species of fruit fly host plants were collected in 33 localities of São Paulo State. The majority of the braconids (96.2 percent) belonged to four Opiinae species, Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Opius bellus (Gahan) and Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), and the remaining 3.8 percent, a single species of Alysiinae, Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck). Doryctobracon areolatus was collected on Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied), A. obliqua (Macquart) and A. amita Zucchi, and was found associated with the largest number of fruit fly host plant species (26), being recorded for the first time in fruits of Clausena lansium and Cryptocarya aschersoniana. This species was the most common, occurring in most of the sampled localities, totaling 77.5 percent of all parasitoids collected. Doryctobracon brasiliensis was associated only with A. fraterculus and recorded, for the first time, in Japanese plum (Prunus salicina). It was not possible to associate the remaining braconids to the fruit fly species. Opius bellus was also reared from larvae in C. aschersoniana. The natural parasitism percentage ranged from < 1 percent to 40 percent.
Subject(s)
Animals , Hymenoptera/physiology , Plants/parasitology , Tephritidae/parasitology , BrazilABSTRACT
Anastrepha anomala Stone was obtained from Parahancornia amapa (Huber) Ducke (Apocynaceae) fruits, and Anastrepha hastata Stone from Cheiloclinium cognatum (Miers.) (Hippocrateaceae) in the State of Amapá, Brazil. Two braconids, Doryctobracon sp. and Opius bellus Gahan, were reared from the latter fruit fly species. This is the first record of P. amapa as a fruit fly host. C. cognatum is the first host known to A. hastata. Both braconids are also the first records of parasitoids for this species.
Anastrepha anomala Stone foi obtida de frutos de Parahancornia amapa (Huber) Ducke (Apocynaceae) e Anastrepha hastata Stone de Cheiloclinium cognatum (Miers.) (Hippocrateaceae) no Amapá, sendo obtidos dois braconídeos, Doryctobracon sp. e Opius bellus Gahan, dessa espécie. Este é o primeiro registro de P. amapa como hospedeiro de moscas-das-frutas. C. cognatum é o primeiro hospedeiro conhecido de A. hastata e os braconídeos são também os primeiros registros de parasitóides dessa espécie.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Hymenoptera , Tephritidae , Brazil , Hymenoptera/growth & development , Tephritidae/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Anastrepha anomala Stone was obtained from Parahancornia amapa (Huber) Ducke (Apocynaceae) fruits, and Anastrepha hastata Stone from Cheiloclinium cognatum (Miers.) (Hippocrateaceae) in the State of Amapá, Brazil. Two braconids, Doryctobracon sp. and Opius bellus Gahan, were reared from the latter fruit fly species. This is the first record of P. amapa as a fruit fly host. C. cognatum is the first host known to A. hastata. Both braconids are also the first records of parasitoids for this species.
