ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The cause of dyslexia, a reading disability characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities, is unknown. A considerable body of evidence shows that dyslexics have phonological disorders. Other studies support a theory of altered cross-modal processing with the existence of a pan-sensory temporal processing deficit associated with dyslexia. Learning to read ultimately relies on the formation of automatic multisensory representations of sounds and their written representation while eyes fix a word or move along a text. We therefore studied the effect of brief sounds on vision with a modification of binocular fusion at the same time (using the Maddox Rod test). METHODS: To check if the effect of sound on vision is specific, we first tested with sounds and then replaced them with proprioceptive stimulation on 8 muscular sites. We tested two groups of children composed respectively of 14 dyslexic children and 10 controls. RESULTS: The results show transient visual scotoma (VS) produced by sensory stimulations associated with the manipulation of oculomotor balance, the effect being drastically higher in the dyslexic group. The spatial distribution of the VS is stochastic. The effect is not specific for sounds but exists also with proprioceptive stimulations. DISCUSSION: Although there was a very significant difference between the two groups, we were not able to correlate the (VS) occurrence with the dyslexic's reading performance. One possibility to confirm the link between VS and reading impairment would be to find a specific treatment reducing the occurrence of the VS and to check its effect on dyslexia.
ABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Conocer las características de la ultrasonografía doppler de arterias uterinas entre las 11 a 14 semanas de gestación y su relación con la preeclampsia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo, de corte transversal realizado en el Servicio de Obstetricia del Hospital Nacional A. Loayza entre el 01 junio 2008 y el 31 de mayo 2010. Con gestantes, que acudieron entre las 11 a 14 semanas de EG y firmaron el consentimiento informado. A todas se les realizó ecografía doppler, y fueron seguidas hasta el parto. Se revisaron las historias clínicas y los datos se recopilaron. Se excluyeron a las gestantes con diagnóstico ecográfíco de malformaciones congénitas o que terminaron en aborto. El Análisis estadístico se realizó con los paquetes SPSS 17 y MS Excel 2003, con IC de 95%, se usó el Test Chi cuadrado o Fisher y regresión logística multivariada. RESULTADOS: Ingresaron 280 gestantes, de las cuales 48 (17.1%) desarrollaron preeclampsia. Hubo asociación significativa con: antecedente de hipertensión arterial o preeclampsia (p<0.01). Por ecografía doppler se halló: índice de resistencia (IR) promedio de 0.75 ± 0.11, índice de pulsatilidad (IP) promedio de 1.76 ± 0.52. 144 gestantes (51.4%) presentaron Notch bilateral y el IP > 2.35 se presentó en 40 (14%), de las que 32, presentaron preeclampsia (p<0.0001), con una Sensibilidad de 66.7%, especificidad de 96.5%, VPP de 80% y VPN de 93.3%. CONCLUSIONES: El IP > 2.35, entre las 11 a 14 semanas de EG, predijo la preeclampsia.
OBJETIVE: Know the characteristics of Doppler ultrasound of uterine arteries between 11 to 14 weeksÆ gestation as a preacher of preeclampsia. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Prospective study, transversal performed in the Obstetrician Service to Hospital Nacional A. Loayza (June 1, 2008 to May 31, 2010). With pregnant women attending between 11 to 14 weeksÆgestation and signed informed consent. They all Doppler ultrasound and were followed until delivery. Medical records were reviewed and data were taken.Were excluded pregnant women with suspected birth or abortion. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 17 and MS Excel 2003, CI 95%. Chi square Test or Fisher and Multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: 280 pregnant women admitted, 48 (17.1%) developed preeclampsia. Significant association with history of high pressure or preeclampsia (p<0.01). Was found by Doppler ultrasound: Resistance Index (RI) average 0.75 ± 0.11, Pulsatility Index (PI) average 1.76 ± 0.52. 144 pregnant women (51.4%) Notch had bilateral and PI>2.35 was present in 40 (14%), of which 32 showed preeclampsia (p<0.0001). With sensibility 66.7%, specificity 96.5%, PPV 80% and NPV 93.3%. CONCLUSIONS: PI > 2.35 between 11 to 14 weeksÆ gestation predicted the preeclampsia.
