Signet-ring-cell carcinoma of stomach metastatic to the bladder: a case report with cytological and histological correlation and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Bladder involvement by a secondary tumor is fairly rare and an uncommon source of bladder metastasis is the stomach. CASE REPORT: The authors report a case of a 38-year-old man with a bladder metastasis from a gastric signet-ring-cell (SRC) adenocarcinoma who presented with ematuria. The clinical history and the presence of SRCs in the voided urinary cytology and histologically in the suburothelial connective, with an overlying intact urothelium suggested a diagnosis of bladder metastasis from gastric carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Bladder involvement by a secondary tumor is very rare, and a SRC carcinoma metastatic to the bladder, albeit extremely rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis.

Primary intramuscular infestation of Echinococcus granulosus misdiagnosed as a soft tissue tumor: a case report.

BACKGROUND: The occurrence of a primary intramuscular infestation of Echinococcus granulosus is extremely rare. CASE: A 70-year-old woman with primary skeletal muscle hydatidosis initially presented with a soft tissue mass. Clinical and radiologic examination revealed a huge cystic mass in the right quadriceps muscle without any visceral organ involvement. Since the differential diagnosis included a soft tissue tumor, fine needle aspiration cytology was performed, and a diagnosis of hydatid disease was made. CONCLUSION: This very rare case of primary intramuscular infestation of E granulosus was clinically misdiagnosed as a soft tissue tumor. Hydatid disease, albeit rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a soft tissue mass.

Flow cytometry phenotypization of thyroidal lymphoid infiltrate and functional status in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the thyroidal lymphoid infiltrate (TLI) in thyroidal functional status (TFS) for differences among patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). STUDY DESIGN: Flow-cytometry (FC) was applied to thyroidal fine-needle cytology samples in 57 patients. TLI was analyzed using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) scan and fluorescence antibodies CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD10, and CD19 and kappa and lambda light chains. TFS was determined by serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), FT3 and FT4 immunoassays, in specific clinical settings, to classify the cases as hyperthyroid, euthyroid and hypothyroid. FC assessment was then compared with the corresponding TFS. RESULTS: B-lymphocytes were present in 44 cases (77%). T-lymphocytes were present in all the cases; CD4/CD8 = 2:1 ratio was observed in 16 euthyroid, 1 hyperthyroid and 3 hypothyroid; CD4/CD8 > or = 3:1 ratio in 22 euthyroid, 2 hyperthyroid and 2 hypothyroid cases; CD4/CD8 < or = 1:1 ratio in 1 euthyroid, 3 hyperthyroid and in 7 hypothyroid cases. Grouping hyperthyroid and hypothyroid cases, a significant association was observed with the CD4/CD8 < or = 1:1 ratio (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Intrathyroidal CD4/CD8 < 1:1 ratio might be the expression of intense apoptosis in the early phases of HT, generally followed by the restoration of CD4/CD8 balance; persistence of increased intrathyroidal CD8 might be related to intense thyroidal damage and thus an increasing risk of hypothyroidism.

Adolescencia en riesgo / Asolescence at risk

Se analizó el riesgo psicológico al que se exponen los adolescentes en el contexto social actual. La muestra comprendió 214 adolescentes escolarizados entre 16 y 19 años de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Fueron identificadas, como supuestos, las siguientes causales genéricas de crisis: hedonismo, consumismo, individualismo, pobreza, marginalidad, fallas en la cultura del esfuerzo, inseguridad emocional familiar, crisis de valores, etc. Se administraron tres instrumentos destinados a evaluar cualitativa-cuantitativamente el grado de bienestar psicológico de las/los jóvenes: Escala Bieps-J, cuestionario ad-hoc confeccionado por equipo investigador y test proyectivo Persona bajo la lluvia. El objetivo fue aislar características de riesgo para diseñar un instrumento diagnóstico que facilite la detección precoz de las situaciones determinantes de malestar psicológico a fin de dar apoyo conceptual a un trabajo de prevención y promoción de la salud emocional. Se definieron cuatro dimensiones de análisis: Control de impulsos, Aceptación de sí mismo, Proyectos y Vínculos. Los datos empíricos muestran, entre otras cosas, que 75 por ciento de jóvenes presentan signos de malestar psicológico y 70 por ciento posee deficitario control de impulsos, asociado al consumo de alcohol, drogas, sexualidad sin cuidado y conductas violentas. Los indicadores detectados refuerzan criterios de abordajes interdisciplinarios.

Adolescencia en riesgo / Asolescence at risk

Se analizó el riesgo psicológico al que se exponen los adolescentes en el contexto social actual. La muestra comprendió 214 adolescentes escolarizados entre 16 y 19 años de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Fueron identificadas, como supuestos, las siguientes causales genéricas de crisis: hedonismo, consumismo, individualismo, pobreza, marginalidad, fallas en la cultura del esfuerzo, inseguridad emocional familiar, crisis de valores, etc. Se administraron tres instrumentos destinados a evaluar cualitativa-cuantitativamente el grado de bienestar psicológico de las/los jóvenes: Escala Bieps-J, cuestionario ad-hoc confeccionado por equipo investigador y test proyectivo Persona bajo la lluvia. El objetivo fue aislar características de riesgo para diseñar un instrumento diagnóstico que facilite la detección precoz de las situaciones determinantes de malestar psicológico a fin de dar apoyo conceptual a un trabajo de prevención y promoción de la salud emocional. Se definieron cuatro dimensiones de análisis: Control de impulsos, Aceptación de sí mismo, Proyectos y Vínculos. Los datos empíricos muestran, entre otras cosas, que 75 por ciento de jóvenes presentan signos de malestar psicológico y 70 por ciento posee deficitario control de impulsos, asociado al consumo de alcohol, drogas, sexualidad sin cuidado y conductas violentas. Los indicadores detectados refuerzan criterios de abordajes interdisciplinarios.(AU)

Adolescencia en riesgo / Asolescence at risk

Se analizó el riesgo psicológico al que se exponen los adolescentes en el contexto social actual. La muestra comprendió 214 adolescentes escolarizados entre 16 y 19 años de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Fueron identificadas, como supuestos, las siguientes causales genéricas de crisis: hedonismo, consumismo, individualismo, pobreza, marginalidad, fallas en la cultura del esfuerzo, inseguridad emocional familiar, crisis de valores, etc. Se administraron tres instrumentos destinados a evaluar cualitativa-cuantitativamente el grado de bienestar psicológico de las/los jóvenes: Escala Bieps-J, cuestionario ad-hoc confeccionado por equipo investigador y test proyectivo Persona bajo la lluvia. El objetivo fue aislar características de riesgo para diseñar un instrumento diagnóstico que facilite la detección precoz de las situaciones determinantes de malestar psicológico a fin de dar apoyo conceptual a un trabajo de prevención y promoción de la salud emocional. Se definieron cuatro dimensiones de análisis: Control de impulsos, Aceptación de sí mismo, Proyectos y Vínculos. Los datos empíricos muestran, entre otras cosas, que 75 por ciento de jóvenes presentan signos de malestar psicológico y 70 por ciento posee deficitario control de impulsos, asociado al consumo de alcohol, drogas, sexualidad sin cuidado y conductas violentas. Los indicadores detectados refuerzan criterios de abordajes interdisciplinarios.(AU)

Fine-needle cytology and flow cytometry immunophenotyping and subclassification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a critical review of 307 cases with technical suggestions.

BACKGROUND: Flow cytometry (FC) is a useful adjunct to fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNC) in evaluating lymphoproliferative disorders. The authors present a critical review of 307 lymph nodal and extra lymph nodal lymphoproliferative disorders that were diagnosed with FNC and FC. METHODS: FC was performed over a 4-year period on 185 palpable and 122 impalpable lymph nodal and extra lymph nodal lymphoproliferative processes under ultrasound or computed tomography guidance. FC was performed using the following fluoresceinated antibodies: CD3, CD4/CD8, CD2/CD7/CD3, CD5/CD10/CD19, CD19/kappa/lambda, FMC7/CD23/CD19, CD38/CD56/CD19, and bcl-2. The series included 15 inadequate, 10 suspicious, and 135 benign reactive hyperplasias (BRHs); 70 primary non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs), and 77 recurrent NHLs (rNHLs). FC/FNC diagnoses of suspicious, NHL, and rNHL were controlled either histologically or clinically or by the interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstration of t(11;14)(q13;q32) in two cases of mantle cell lymphoma. BRHs were controlled by follow-up. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the FC/FNC diagnoses of NHL, rNHL, and BRH were calculated as well as the identification of specific subtypes among the small- and medium-sized cells. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed 93% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% PPV, and 91% NPV in NHL, rNHL, and BRH discrimination. The subclassification of small cell and medium-sized NHLs showed 63% sensitivity, 88% specificity, 95% PPV, and 37% NPV. CONCLUSIONS: FC applied to FNC enhanced the precision of cytologic diagnosis in lymph nodal and extra lymph nodal lymphoproliferative disorders and allowed further subclassification in more than half of the cases, thus avoiding invasive surgical biopsies in many patients.

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy and flow cytometry immunophenotyping of lymphoid and myeloproliferative disorders of the spleen.

BACKGROUND: Flow cytometry (FC) is a useful adjunct to fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in the evaluation of lymphoproliferative disorders. The application of FC to FNAB of the spleen (sFNAB) is reported. METHODS: Flow cytometry was performed on 18 sFNAB collected over 3 years. The series comprised 10 cases of non- Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), 2 cases insufficient for diagnosis, 2 cases of reactive hyperplasia (RH), and 4 cases of myeloid metaplasia (MM). FNAB was performed under ultrasound guidance using a 22-gauge needle. One or two passes were sufficient to prepare a conventional smear that was immediately evaluated to select the cases studied and to prepare a cell suspension for FC. The following fluoresceinated antibodies were used: CD3, CD19/kappa/lambda, FMC7/CD23/CD19, Bcl-2, and CD13/HLA-DR. In six cases, cytospins were also prepared for immunocytochemistry and were tested for CD20 (L26), CD45Ro, and kappa and lambda light chain expression. RESULTS: Flow cytometry contributed to the diagnosis of all cases of NHL by assessing light chain restriction. The specific subtype was also diagnosed by CD19/CD5 and CD 19/CD10 coexpression in two cases. Flow cytometry quantified the percentage of myeloid cells in MM cases and contributed to the cytologic diagnosis showing a polyclonal light chain expression in RH cases. Immunocytochemistry was effective and concordant in four cases. Patients tolerated the sFNAB well and no complications were reported. Cytologic and FC diagnoses were confirmed by follow-up and by histologic evaluation in cases in which splenectomy was performed for therapeutic purposes. CONCLUSION: Flow cytometry applied to sFNAB corroborates the cytologic diagnosis in lymphoid and myeloproliferative disorders of the spleen and allows therapeutic decisions avoiding splenectomy.

Lymphnode localization of extramedullary myeloid cell tumor in myelodysplastic syndrome: report of one case diagnosed by fine-needle cytology.

Trilineage extramedullary myeloid tumor (EMT) is an uncommon medical condition mostly diagnosed in patients affected by acute or chronic myeloid leukemia or, more rarely, by a myelodysplastic syndrome, among which the most frequent is refractory anemia with excess of blasts in transformation (RAEB-t). The prognostic significance of EMT is still unclear, although the appearance of trilineage EMT is often considered to affect the outcome adversely. A 70-year-old lady with previous history of intestinal resection for colonic adenocarcinoma in 1995 and subsequently treated with 5-fuorouracyl developed a refractory anemia with excess of blasts (RAEB) in 1998. During the follow-up, a progression to RAEB-t was recorded. During chemotherapy for this condition, slight enlargement of left supraclavicular and right submandibular nodes was noticed. Fine-needle biopsy was performed with ancillary studies. A diagnosis of trilineage extramedullary myeloid tumor was reached. The patient was treated with low doses of chemotherapy with a good response lasting 12 months. The peculiar cytologic picture of this condition when corroborated by ancillary studies (immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry) is diagnostic of this rare condition. Furthermore, the extramedullary myeloid tumor in this case did not significantly affect the response to the chemotherapy of RAEB-t.

Expression of NK-associated antigens in extramedullary lymph nodal blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia on fine-needle cytology.

A case is reported of a 62-yr-old male suffering from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) who developed an extramedullary, para-orthic lymph-nodal blast crisis without blood or bone marrow involvement and expression of CD56/NK associated marker. The diagnosis was performed on ultrasound-guided fine-needle cytology by an immunocytochemical and flow cytometric analysis. Conventional smears showed a monomorphous population of disperse, undifferentiated cells without cytoplasm. Cells showed fragile nuclei, vesicular chromatin, and evident nucleoli. Immunocytochemistry performed on cytospin slides were negative for cytokeratin, LCA, CD20, CD45Ro, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Flow cytometry analysis proved the myeloid origin of the tumor by expression of CD13, CD34, and CD38 and showed aberrant expression of CD56. Cytological diagnosis was confirmed by histological examination. CD56 expression is generally an expression of NK lymphoid proliferation and may be observed in acute myelogenous leukemia but has rarely been reported in CML and its related blast crisis. This unusual expression, its possible explanation, the related technical problems, and clinicopathological aspects are discussed.