ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and cerebral vasospasm (VS.) contribute to poor outcomes in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). The pathophysiology of DCI is not fully understood, and this has hindered the adoption of a uniform definition. Reliable diagnostic tests and effective evidence-based treatment are lacking. This study explored the possibility of using eryptosis parameters in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a marker for early detection of VS and DCI. METHODS: Twenty-one SAH patients were recruited and treated at Kharkiv Regional Hospital. The occurrences of DCI and VS were also recorded. Flow cytometry was used to assess eryptosis indices in the CSF by analyzing phosphatidylserine externalization in erythrocytes using annexin V staining and evaluating reactive oxygen species generation using 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF) diacetate staining. RESULTS: The percentage of annexin-positive red blood cells (RBCs) in the VS group was significantly higher than that in the non-VS group (P = 0.0017). Furthermore, higher values of this index were significantly associated with DCI formation (P < 0.0001). Patients with VS had higher mean fluorescence intensity values of DCF in RBCs compared to patients without VS (P = 0.0258). Patients with DCI also had higher mean fluorescence intensity values of DCF in RBCs (P = 0.0282). A higher percentage of annexin-positive RBCs following 3 days of aSAH was correlated with poor 3-month neurological outcomes (r = 0.7). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate a strong correlation between eryptosis level and DCI in a sizable series of patients with aSAH. Correlations between eryptosis indicators in the CSF and clinical and radiological manifestations suggest that eryptosis parameters are promising diagnostic biomarkers for DCI.
