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1.
Intern Med J ; 47(7): 727-733, 2017 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27643504

ABSTRACT

Obesity is a growing epidemic both in Australia and worldwide. Being overweight or obese is known to be adversely associated with multiple cardiovascular risk factors, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, lipid disorders and hypertension. Despite the adverse impact of overweight and obesity, recent observational studies have suggested that in some overweight and obese individuals with established chronic disease, there is a survival advantage that is paradoxically better than individuals of normal weight. A burgeoning area of interest is the existence of this paradox in chronic endocrine disorders, especially with respect to osteoporosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as the latter's chronic complications, chronic kidney disease and coronary artery disease. In this article, we review the postulated mechanisms and latest evidence concerning the obesity paradox, with a focus on endocrine-related diseases. We discuss confounders and biases that exist in observational studies from which the paradox has been described and highlight that, despite the observed paradox, substantial literature exists supporting the benefits of weight reduction in obesity.


Subject(s)
Body Mass Index , Endocrine System Diseases/blood , Endocrine System Diseases/epidemiology , Obesity/blood , Obesity/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Endocrine System Diseases/diagnosis , Humans , Obesity/diagnosis , Observational Studies as Topic/methods , Risk Factors , Weight Loss/physiology
2.
Ann Intern Med ; 144(9): 625-33, 2006 May 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16670131

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a major, growing health problem. Observational studies suggest that bariatric surgery is more effective than nonsurgical therapy, but no randomized, controlled trials have confirmed this. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain whether surgical therapy for obesity achieves better weight loss, health, and quality of life than nonsurgical therapy. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: University departments of medicine and surgery and an affiliated private hospital. PATIENTS: 80 adults with mild to moderate obesity (body mass index, 30 kg/m2 to 35 kg/m2) from the general community. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were assigned to a program of very-low-calorie diets, pharmacotherapy, and lifestyle change for 24 months (nonsurgical group) or to placement of a laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAP-BAND System, INAMED Health, Santa Barbara, California) (surgical group). MEASUREMENTS: Outcome measures were weight change, presence of the metabolic syndrome, and change in quality of life at 2 years. RESULTS: At 2 years, the surgical group had greater weight loss, with a mean of 21.6% (95% CI, 19.3% to 23.9%) of initial weight lost and 87.2% (CI, 77.7% to 96.6%) of excess weight lost, while the nonsurgical group had a loss of 5.5% (CI, 3.2% to 7.9%) of initial weight and 21.8% (CI, 11.9% to 31.6%) of excess weight (P < 0.001). The metabolic syndrome was initially present in 15 (38%) patients in each group and was present in 8 (24%) nonsurgical patients and 1 (3%) surgical patient at the completion of the study (P < 0.002). Quality of life improved statistically significantly more in the surgical group (8 of 8 subscores of Short Form-36) than in the nonsurgical group (3 of 8 subscores). LIMITATIONS: The study included mildly and moderately obese participants, was not powered for comparison of adverse events, and examined outcomes only for 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment using laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding was statistically significantly more effective than nonsurgical therapy in reducing weight, resolving the metabolic syndrome, and improving quality of life during a 24-month treatment program.


Subject(s)
Obesity/therapy , Adult , Anti-Obesity Agents/adverse effects , Anti-Obesity Agents/therapeutic use , Behavior Therapy , Body Mass Index , Caloric Restriction , Diet, Reducing , Exercise Therapy , Female , Gastroplasty/adverse effects , Gastroplasty/methods , Humans , Lactones/adverse effects , Lactones/therapeutic use , Laparoscopy/adverse effects , Laparoscopy/methods , Male , Middle Aged , Obesity/surgery , Orlistat , Prospective Studies , Quality of Life , Weight Loss
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