ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Whilst up to 60% of males with fragile X syndrome (FXS) meet criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the prevalence and nature of ASD in females with FXS remains unclear. METHOD: A systematic literature search identified papers reporting ASD prevalence and/or symptomatology in females with FXS. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Meta-analysis suggested that rates of ASD for females with FXS are reliably higher than for females in the general population (a random effects model estimated weighted average prevalence at 14%, 95% CI 13-18%). Whilst papers highlighted a number of social and repetitive difficulties for females with FXS, characteristic profiles of impairment are not clear. Possible associations between ASD traits and IQ, and between ASD and levels of fragile X mental retardation protein, are suggested, but data are equivocal.
Subject(s)
Autism Spectrum Disorder , Fragile X Syndrome , Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications , Autism Spectrum Disorder/epidemiology , Female , Fragile X Syndrome/complications , Fragile X Syndrome/epidemiology , Humans , Male , PrevalenceABSTRACT
This study investigated comorbidity patterns in treatment-seeking veterans and currently-serving Canadian Forces members of an outpatient mental health clinic from September 2006-September 2014. Using a retrospective cohort design, latent class analysis was conducted to determine latent classes of comorbidity (including posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], major depressive disorder [MDD], generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and alcohol use disorder [AUD]). Multiple logistic regression was used to determine which covariates (age, gender, number of deployments, and service duration) were predictors of latent class membership. Among the 486 participants, 79.2% had more than one probable mental health condition. The most common comorbidity was PTSD and MDD (61.5%), followed by PTSD and GAD (52.3%). Among those with PTSD, almost all (95%) had a subsequent condition, predominantly MDD (82.6% of those with PTSD had MDD). A two-class model was the best fitting model with a high comorbidity and a low comorbidity class. Older age and shorter service duration significantly increased the probability of being in the high comorbidity class when not controlling for member status. Results showed that treatment-seeking veterans and military personnel have high rates of comorbidity, particularly alongside PTSD. Therefore, it is critical for clinicians to be able to assess and treat comorbidity.