ABSTRACT
Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Spontaneous clearance of HPV infection occurs in most cases, but chronic infection with high risk genotypes is associated with the development of cervical cancer. In particular, HPV 16 and 18 are responsible for 70% of cancers of the cervix and, in variable proportions, for cancers of the vagina, vulva, anus, penis and oropharinx. Low risk HPV genotypes, such as HPV 6 and 11, cause genital warts. Two prophylactic vaccines using virus like particles (VLPs) of L1 capside protein of HPV 16 and 18 have been developed. Of these, one also containing VLPs of HPV 6 and 11, has been approved by FDA, EMEA and AIFA for use in 9-26 year-old females. Large scale studies have shown that these vaccines are safe, well tolerated, elicits high levels of neutralizing antibodies, prevent chronic HPV infections due to genotypes present in the vaccine, and associated cervical lesions (and genital wars for the quadrivalent vaccine). To be effective the vaccines should be given prior to sexual debut. In Italy, the vaccination will be offered to 12 year-old girls. This article is the result of a targeted Consensus Conference by a panel of experts, which reviews the cornerstones of HPV infection, its association with cervical cancer, the advances in prophylactic vaccines, and the primary role of the paediatrician for the optimal adoption of this new preventive strategy.
Subject(s)
Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control , Papillomavirus Vaccines , Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral/prevention & control , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control , Adolescent , Child , Consensus , Developing Countries , Female , Human Papillomavirus Recombinant Vaccine Quadrivalent, Types 6, 11, 16, 18 , Humans , Italy/epidemiology , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral/epidemiology , Societies, Medical , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virologyABSTRACT
Broncaspin (guacetisal) has been administered rectally to 42 children suffering from inflammatory diseases of the upper and lower airways, most cases being complicated by bronchospasm. Treatment involving a dose of 1-2 suppositories of 0.5 g/die up to six years of age, and 2 suppositories/die after the sixth year always produced a good antipyretic and anti-cough effect. The preparation was outstanding for speed of action, local and general tolerance, and the absence of haematological, hepatic or renal side-effects. The new drug is considered to be a valuable instrument for anti-inflammatory and anti-cough treatment in acute diseases of the airways in infancy.
