ABSTRACT
Zn and Cd concentrations, stable lead isotopes and 210Pb-derived chronology were determined in a sediment core sampled at Sepetiba Bay (South-eastern Brazil). During the last decades, the bay's watershed has been modified by the increase of industrial activities and human interventions. In particular, Zn and Cd ore treatment plants were built near the coast in 1960 and 1970, respectively, and water has been diverted from the adjacent Paraíba do Sul River watershed since 1950. The core collected at shallow depth near the industrial area exhibits four successive events: (i) at 50 cm depth, a change in the 206Pb/207Pb ratio from about 1.162 to more than 1.18 might be the result of the São Francisco Channel opening and water diversion from Paraíba do Sul river; (ii) at 40 cm depth, Zn concentration starts to increase (up to 0.8 mg g(-1)) (iii) above 30 cm depth, relatively high Cd concentrations (up to 1.6 microg g(-1)) are observed and (iv) at 16 cm depth, change in unsupported 210Pb slope is probably related to a waste dam built to prevent strong metal contamination in the bay. Sediment accumulation rates evaluated by Zn and Cd profiles used as time-markers are higher than those calculated from 210Pb-based chronology models. Using the constant initial concentration (CIC) model both events are supposed to date back to about 1884 and 1902, respectively, while using the constant rate of supply (CRS) model it shifts to about 1925 and 1935. Such discrepancies are probably assigned to the fact that these models do not take into account site-specific local sedimentation dynamics. In the study area, particles deposition seems to be controlled by enrichment with unsupported 210Pb transported by runoff from a mangrove flat bank. Chronology derived from a model that assumes an exponential increase of the initial 210Pb activity fits well with the estimated rates obtained from historical events.
Subject(s)
Cadmium/analysis , Geologic Sediments/chemistry , Lead Radioisotopes/analysis , Lead/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Zinc/analysis , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Environmental Monitoring/standards , Isotopes/analysis , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Neste artigo o autor pretende demonstrar a existencia de outros fatores influentes na Puericultura, alem daqueles de natureza puramenteemocional legitimamente existentes nas mentes humanas. Dentre eles, as condicoesde renda, as exigencias demograficas de carater nacional, as tecnicas de producao de alimentos e as perspectivas guerreiras das nacoes, a partir de certa complexidade economica, social e politica. Informa tambem os efeitos da recessao economica mundial no inicio do ano de l980 sobre a saude materno-infantil em alguns paises. Apresenta, ainda, tabelas onde sao comparadas as condicoes de saude das criancas abaixo de um ano de idade e a percepcao da renda individual em alguns paises e estados brasileiros
Subject(s)
Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Humans , Male , Female , Child Care/history , Demography , Food Technology , Maternal and Child Health , Per Capita Income , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Neste artigo examina-se a evoluçäo das tentativas de se implantar uma reforma sanitária como exigência das transformaçöes econômicas, políticas e institucionais no Brasil e chama a atençäo para os erros de interpretaçäo a que podemos ser levados quando se tomam apenas as médias dos indicadores de saúde. Analisa as distorçöes e a ineficiência do sistema de saúde brasileiro, salientando a importância desmedida atribuída ao hospital, em prejuízo da rede básica de saúde. Estuda os reflexos negativos da crise econômica sobre a saúde de três países no continente americano, inclusive o Brasil. Depois de descrever a implantaçäo do Sistema Unificado e Descentralizado de Saúde (SUDS), como o órgäo executivo da Reforma Sanitária, conclui por sua incapacidade para melhorar as condiçöes de saúde da populaçäo materno-infantil no Brasil