Neurotological symptoms and academic performance of university students.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the academic performance of university students with or without neurotological symptoms. METHOD: 100 students enrolled in the Biomedical Sciences Graduate School - Medical Modality of UNIFESP-EPM in 2007 and answered a neurotological screening questionnaire. RESULTS: The symptoms presented once, sometimes, many times or always, in a decreasing order of prevalence, were headache (74.0%), difficulty with concentration (57.0%), lack of memory (45.0%), physical indisposition, nausea /dizziness when in moving vehicle (37.0%), fainting (27.0%), nausea (26.0%), sensation of fullness in the ear (26.0%), hypersensitivity to sounds (26.0%), tinnitus (22.0%), vertigo and other kinds of dizziness (21.0%), imbalance when walking (21.0%), difficulty in hearing (21.0%), imminent sensation of fainting (11.0%) and vomiting (8.0%), alone or in different associations; convulsion was not mentioned. The final academic performance score ranged from 5.1 to 10.0. CONCLUSION: University students with or without neurotological symptoms have manifested similar academic performance.

Neurotological symptoms and academic performance of university students / Sintomas otoneurológicos e desempenho acadêmico de estudantes universitários

Objective: To compare the academic performance of university students with or without neurotological symptoms. Method: 100 students enrolled in the Biomedical Sciences Graduate School - Medical Modality of UNIFESP-EPM in 2007 and answered a neurotological screening questionnaire. Results: The symptoms presented once, sometimes, many times or always, in a decreasing order of prevalence, were headache (74.0 percent), difficulty with concentration (57.0 percent), lack of memory (45.0 percent), physical indisposition, nausea /dizziness when in moving vehicle (37.0 percent), fainting (27.0 percent), nausea (26.0 percent), sensation of fullness in the ear (26.0 percent), hypersensitivity to sounds (26.0 percent), tinnitus (22.0 percent), vertigo and other kinds of dizziness (21.0 percent), imbalance when walking (21.0 percent), difficulty in hearing (21.0 percent), imminent sensation of fainting (11.0 percent) and vomiting (8.0 percent), alone or in different associations; convulsion was not mentioned. The final academic performance score ranged from 5.1 to 10.0. Conclusion: University students with or without neurotological symptoms have manifested similar academic performance.

Objetivo: Comparar o rendimento escolar de universitários com e sem sintomas otoneurológicos. Método: Cem alunos matriculados e ativos no Curso de Graduação em Ciências Biomédicas - Modalidade Médica da UNIFESP-EPM em 2007 responderam um questionário de triagem otoneurológica. Resultados: Os sintomas presentes uma vez, algumas vezes, muitas vezes ou sempre, em ordem decrescente de prevalência, foram: dor de cabeça (74,0 por cento), dificuldade de concentração (57,0 por cento), dificuldade de memória (45,0 por cento), mal-estar/enjôo/tontura em veículos em movimento (37,0 por cento), desmaio (27,0 por cento), enjôo (26,0 por cento), sensação de ouvido tapado (26,0 por cento), hipersensibilidade a sons (26,0 por cento), zumbido (22,0 por cento), vertigem ou outros tipos de tontura (21,0 por cento), desequilíbrio ao andar (21,0 por cento), dificuldade para ouvir (21,0 por cento), sensação de desmaio iminente (11,0 por cento) e vômito (8,0 por cento), isoladamente ou em diferentes combinações; convulsão não foi referida. As notas da avaliação final dos alunos foram variáveis entre 5,1 e 10,0. Conclusão: Estudantes universitários com ou sem sintomas otoneurológicos apresentaram rendimento escolar semelhante.

Cognitive decline in temporal lobe epilepsy due to unilateral hippocampal sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the cognitive performance of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) caused by unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (HS), in comparison with that of matched, healthy controls. We report the relationship between cognitive measures and duration of epilepsy, correlating with hippocampal volumes, and the impact of educational level on cognitive decline. METHODS: This study involved 61 outpatients (40 with < or = 8 years and 21 with >8 years of formal education) with unilateral HS and 61 controls. Volumetric MRI was performed on all patients and 10 controls. The results (mean, SD) of the neuropsychological tests of healthy subjects and patients were compared using the Student t and Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS: Patients performed worse than controls in the neuropsychological evaluation. When adjusted z scores were used to calculate the impairment index, patients had a greater percentage of abnormal tests compared with controls. The cognitive decline, assessed through the impairment index, correlated with duration of epilepsy. Higher level of education did not protect against this decline, thus not supporting the hypothesis of cerebral reserve in this population. A significant correlation between hippocampal volumetric measures and duration of epilepsy was observed only in patients with left HS. CONCLUSION: Patients with TLE caused by HS present with cognitive morbidity that extends beyond memory deficits. Cognitive decline is associated with duration of epilepsy, and in patients with left-sided HS, duration may correlate with volumetric hippocampal loss.

Validity and reliability of the Portuguese version of the quality of life in epilepsy inventory (QOLIE-31) for Brazil.

PURPOSE: We report the cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 Inventory (QOLIE-31) for the Portuguese language and Brazilian culture. METHODS: This study involved 150 outpatients: 50 presurgical patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) related to mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS), 50 patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), and 50 seizure-free patients with TLE. They completed the QOLIE-31, Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Adverse Events Profile (AEP) and underwent a neuropsychological evaluation (NE). Internal consistency reliability, interrater and test-retest reliability, and construct validity were assessed. RESULTS: QOLIE-31 mean scores were 33.1 (Social Function), 68.9 (Overall Quality of Life), 56.5 (Seizure Worry), 64.1 (Emotional Well-Being), 63.7 (Energy/Fatigue), 38.9 (Cognitive Function), and 49.7 (Medication Effects). Internal consistency was high (Cronbach's alpha), as were the associations between QOLIE-31 and the BDI, NHP, AEP, and NE. CONCLUSION: The Portuguese/Brazilian version of the QOLIE-31 inventory showed good reliability, validity, and construct validity.

Neuropsychological assessment and quality of life in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy related to hippocampal sclerosis

INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy is a disorder that results in abnormal activity in a group of neurons that may have significant impact on the normal cognitive processes and behavior. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most frequent form of partial epilepsy in adults, and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) the most common neuropathologic finding in patients with medically refractory TLE. Patients with TLE often present cognitive difficulties that may be determined by the effects of epileptic discharges and side of the lesion. And its consequence is that patients have poor effects on quality of life (QOL). PURPOSE: We report the relationship between neuropsychological assessment and QOL under the hypotheses that patients with worst results in neuropsychological assessment have poorer QOL assessed by the QOLIE-31. RESULTS: Regarding seizure frequency, 23 (46 percent) had had 1-5, 20 (40 percent) 6-10 and 7 (14 percent) more than 10 seizures/month. In relation to seizure types, 5 (10 percent) had had auras, 37 (74 percent) complex partial seizures and 8 (16 percent) partial evolving to generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS). Neuropsychological evaluation had a positive correlation with QOLIE-31 domains. QOL evaluations had the worst scores in QOLIE-31 were in Cognitive Function (45.0) and Social Function (46.0). The best was Overall QOL (62.0). CONCLUSION: People with epilepsy have great impact on their QOL not only because of daily seizures but because of the impact seizures cause in their cognitive functions. TLE is an example of how refractory epilepsy can exterminate any possibilities of work, study and live in a society that discriminates someone with epilepsy who also presents cognitive decline.

INTRODUÇÃO: Epilepsia é um distúrbio decorrente de atividade anormal de um grupo de neurônios, causando grande impacto no processo cognitivo e comportamental do indivíduo. A epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT) é o tipo de epilepsia parcial mais comum e a esclerose hipocampal (EH) o substrato neuropatológico mais freqüentemente encontrado em pacientes com epilepsia refratária. Pessoas com ELT apresentam declínio cognitivo que pode ser determinado pela localização das descargas e da lesão. E, além disso, também apresentam limitação na qualidade de vida (QV) pelas crises diárias. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre a avaliação neuropsicológica e QV com a hipótese de que pacientes com piores resultados na primeira têm pior QV determinada pelo QOLIE-31. RESULTADOS: Quanto à freqüência de crises, 23 pacientes (46 por cento) tiveram até 5 crises, 20 (40 por cento) de 6 a 10 e 7 (14 por cento) mais de 10 por mês. Quanto ao tipo de crises, 5 (10 por cento) apresentaram apenas auras, 37 (74 por cento) crises parciais complexas e 8 (16 por cento) crises parciais complexas com generalização secundária. Os resultados da avaliação neuropsicológica tiveram correlação positiva com os domínios do QOLIE-31. Nos domínios Aspectos Sociais com testes de função executiva, Preocupação com as Crises e Qualidade de Vida Global com testes de memória verbal e Bem-estar Emocional com os testes utilizados para cálculo do QI. CONCLUSÃO: Pessoas com epilepsia têm grande impacto na QV não apenas pelas limitações causadas pelas crises diárias, mas também pelo que estas causam em suas funções cognitivas. ELT é um exemplo de como uma epilepsia refratária pode acabar com qualquer possibilidade dessas pessoas procurarem um emprego, estudarem e viverem em uma sociedade que as discrimina pelo fato de ter epilepsia e um declínio cognitivo comprovado.

Neurocysticercosis and microscopic hippocampal dysplasia in a patient with refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

Epidemiologic studies suggest that neurocysticercosis (NC) is the main cause of symptomatic epilepsy in developing countries. The association between NC and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) has been reported by several authors. Recent data have shown that the presence of NC does not influence the clinical and pathological profile in MTLE patients and suggest that not all cysticercotic lesions are inevitably epileptogenic. We describe a 50-years-old woman with partial seizures due to NC which evolve to MTLE. The patient was submitted to a corticoamygdalohippocampectomy to treat refractory epilepsy. An immunohistochemical study using neuronal markers was made on hippocampal formation. Besides the typical aspects of Ammon's horn sclerosis (AHS), the microscopic examination demonstrates cellular features of hippocampal malformation including dysmorphic neurons and focal bilamination of granular cell layer. We suggest that, in this case, a developmental disorder lowered the threshold for the NC-induced seizures and contributed to the establishment of refractory epilepsy.

Neurocysticercosis and microscopic hippocampal dysplasia in a patient with refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy

Estudos epidemiológicos sugerem que a neurocisticercose (NC) é a causa principal de epilepsia sintomática em países em desenvolvimento. A associação entre NC e epilepsia do lobo temporal mesial (ELTM) tem sido relatada por vários autores. Estudos recentes mostraram que a presença de NC não influência o perfil clínico e patológico em pacientes com ELTM e sugere que nem todas as lesões cisticercóticas são inevitavelmente epileptogênicas. No presente estudo, descrevemos uma mulher de 50 anos com crises epilépticas parciais associadas à NC que evolui para ELTM. A paciente foi submetida à corticoamigdalohipocampectomia para tratamento de epilepsia refratária. O estudo imunohistoquímico, utilizando marcadores neuronais, foi realizado em seções da formação de hipocampal. Além dos aspectos típicos da esclerose hipocampal, o exame microscópico demonstrou características celulares de malformação hipocampal, incluindo neurônios dismórficos e bilaminação focal da camada granular do giro denteado. Sugerimos que, neste caso, um transtorno do desenvolvimento reduziu o limiar para as crises epilépticas induzidas pela NC e contribuiu para o estabelecimento da epilepsia refratária.