Oral lupus erythematosus: Immunohistochemical evaluation of CD1a, CD21, CD123, and langerin expression in dendritic cells.

BACKGROUND: Dendritic cells participate in the pathophysiology of lupus erythematosus (LE), which are studied in systemic and cutaneous forms; however, little is known about their oral manifestations. METHODS: The expressions of dendritic cell markers (including CD1a, CD21, CD123, and langerin) were investigated by immunohistochemistry technique. Sixty intraoral and lower lip LE lesions, and additional 10 control samples were collected from 2003 to 2019. They were topographically analyzed in the epithelium (EP), lamina propria (LP), epithelial junction (JUN), and deep perivascular (PV) areas. RESULTS: The expression of CD1a was decreased in the EP (p = 0.003) and increased in the deep PV area (p = 0.002). Langerin immunostaining showed no significant decrease in EP (p = 0.944); however, it increased in LP (p = 0.012) and JUN (p = 0.006). CD21 was expressed in only two specimens (EP, p = 0.012; LP, p < 0.001; deep PV area, p = 0.018). CD123 expression increased in all topographies (EP, p < 0.005; LP, p < 0.001, JUN, p < 0.001; deep PV, p < 0.001). The comparison between vermilion and intraoral mucosa LE lesions suggested that sun-exposed sites showed higher expression of CD123 (EP, p = 0.024; LP, p = 0.047; JUN, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CD1a, langerin, and CD123 expressions were detected coincidently surrounding the inflammatory infiltrate in oral LE, suggesting that these cells may play an important role in immune response. Interestingly, plasmacytoid dendritic cells showed increased CD123 expression in sun-exposed site lesions, which point out a possible function in their pathogenesis. Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Rugas glabelares: estudo piloto dos padrões de contração / Glabellar wrinkles: a pilot study of contraction patterns

Introdução: A atividade muscular na glabela provoca rugas perpendiculares à direção de contração dos músculos, hoje tratadas pela toxina botulínica.Variações interpessoais na forma de contração local, são exibidas durante a animação facial. Apesar dos inúmeros artigos publicados sobre o tema, os padrões de contração glabelar ainda não foram adequadamente estudados e classificados. Objetivo: Identificar e classificar os padrões de contração glabelar encontrados na população que recebe tratamento cosmético com toxina botulínica. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva de fotografias de 30 pacientes que receberam toxina botulínica para tratamento de rugas glabelares. De acordo com a predominância de movimentos de depressão, aproximação ou elevação da glabela, os padrões de contração foram identificados e classificados. Resultados: Cinco padrões foram identificados: 1) "U", 2) "V", 3) "Ômega", 4) "Setas convergentes" e 5) "Ômega invertido". A classificação permitiu identificar os músculos mais importantes em cada padrão de contração. Discussão/conclusão: Existem diferenças interpessoais na animação facial. A classificação das rugas glabelares permite tratamento mais acurado e individualizado com a toxina botulínica. Músculos mais recrutados recebem doses maiores ou maior número de pontos de aplicação. Os menos requisitados são poupados ou recebem doses menores, permitindo resultados mais eficazes e naturais.

Introdução: Muscular activity in the glabellar region causes wrinkles that are perpendicular to the direction of the contraction of muscles. Such wrinkles are currently treated with botulinum toxin.The analysis of the facial animation of different patients reveals variations in the way local contractions occur. Notwithstanding the great number of good papers published on this topic, the patterns of glabellar contractions have not yet been appropriately studied and classified. Objective: To identify and classify the patterns of glabellar contractions found in a group of patients cosmetically treated with botulinum toxin. Methods: Pictures of patients that have received botulinum toxin to treat glabellar wrinkles were analyzed. Contraction patterns were identified and classified according to the predominance of the depression, frowning, or elevation movements of the glabellar region. Results: Five patterns were identified in the photographs of study subjects (n=30): 1) "U," 2) "V," 3) "Omega," 4) "Converging Arrows," and 5) "Inverted Omega." The classification method allowed the identification of the most important muscles in each contraction pattern. Conclusion: There are interpersonal variations in facial animation. The classification of glabellar wrinkles allows customized and more precise botulinum toxin treatments. Muscles used more actively receive greater doses or a larger number of application points. Less solicited muscles are spared, receiving smaller doses.The technique results in more effective and natural results.