Assessment of the chemical composition of buriti (Mauritia flexuosa Liliopsida) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) residues and their possible application in the bioproduction of coconut aroma (6 pentyl-α-pyrone).

This work aimed to define strategies to increase the bioproduction of 6 pentyl-α-pyrone (bioaroma). As first strategy, fermentations were carried out in the solid state, with agro-industrial residues: Mauritia flexuosa Liliopsida. and Manihot esculenta Crantz in isolation, conducting them with different nutrient solutions having Trichoderma harzianum as a fermenting fungus. Physicochemical characterizations, centesimal composition, lignocellulosic and mineral content and antimicrobial activity were required. Fermentations were conducted under different humidification conditions (water, nutrient solution without additives and nutrient solutions with glucose or sucrose) for 9 days. Bioaroma was quantified by gas chromatography, assisted by solid-phase microextraction. The results showed the low production of this compound in fermentations conducted with sweet cassava (around 6 ppm (w/w)). The low bioproduction with sweet cassava residues can probably be related to its starch-rich composition, homogeneous substrate, and low concentration of nutrients. Already using buriti, the absence of aroma production was detected. Probably the presence of silicon and high lignin content in buriti minimized the fungal activity, making it difficult to obtain the aroma of interest. Given the characteristics presented by the waste, a new strategy was chosen: mixing waste in a 1:1 ratio. This fermentation resulted in the production of 156.24 ppm (w/w) of aroma using the nutrient solution added with glucose. This combination, therefore, promoted more favorable environment for the process, possibly due to the presence of fermentable sugars from sweet cassava and fatty acids from the buriti peel, thus proving the possibility of an increase of around 2500% in the bioproduction of coconut aroma.

Raman scattering owing to magneto-polaron states in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides.

Magneto-optical measurements are fundamental research tools that allow for studying the hitherto unexplored optical transitions and the related applications of topological two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). A theoretical model is developed for the first-order magneto-resonant Raman scattering in a monolayer of TMD. A significant number of avoided crossing points involving optical phonons in the magneto-polaron (MP) spectrum, a superposition of the electron and hole states in the excitation branches, and their manifestations in optical transitions at various light scattering configurations are unique features for these 2D structures. The Raman intensity reveals three resonant splittings of double avoided-crossing levels. The three excitation branches are present in the MP spectrum provoked by the coupling of the Landau levels in the conduction and valence bands via an out-of-plane A 1 -optical phonon mode. The energy gaps at the anticrossing points in the MP scattering spectrum are revealed as a function of the electron and hole optical deformation potential constants. The resonant MP Raman scattering efficiency profile allows for quantifying the relative contribution of the conduction and valence bands in the formation of MPs. The results obtained are a guideline for controlling MP effects on the magneto-optical properties of TMD semiconductors, which open pathways to novel optoelectronic devices based on 2D TMDs.

Lattice vibration modes and electron-phonon interactions in monolayer vs. bilayer of transition metal dichalcogenides.

Transition metal dichalcogenides are at the center of intense scientific activity due to their promising applications, as well as the growing interest in basic research related to their electronic and dielectric properties. The layered structure of single-(ML) and two-layer (2ML) samples presents exciting features for light-matter interaction, electron transport, and electronic and optoelectronic applications. Lattice vibrations and electron-phonon interactions are essential for studying the above mentioned topics. Phonon spectra in ML and 2ML of MoX2 and WX2 (X = S, Se, and Te) families are studied using first principles calculations. A comprehensive analysis of the two-dimensional optical-phonon dispersion laws is performed, and the results illustrate the main differences between ML and 2ML for each considered semiconductor. Taking advantage of ab initio calculations, a generalization of the phenomenological Born-Huang dielectric model for long-wavelength vibrational modes around the Γ-point of the Brillouin zone (BZ) in 2ML structures is implemented. Explicit expressions are derived for the optical phonon dispersion of in-plane and out-of-plane normal modes. The set of characteristic parameters describing each long-wavelength optical branch is resolved from a direct comparison with the exact dispersion laws provided using the first principles calculations. The long-range electron-phonon Pekar-Fröhlich (PF) interaction and intra-valley electron scattering rates at the K-point of the BZ via E' (LO) and Eul longitudinal optical oscillations are examined for the ML and 2ML structures, respectively. The non-local macroscopic screening and the coupling between the in-plane electric field and longitudinal optical mechanical oscillation, profoundly affect the PF Hamiltonian and the carrier inverse relaxation time.

Inferring functional traits in a deep-sea wood-boring bivalve using dynamic energy budget theory.

For species in the deep sea, there is a knowledge gap related to their functional traits at all stages of their life cycles. Dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory has been proven to be an efficient framework for estimating functional traits throughout a life cycle using simulation modelling. An abj-DEB model, which compared with the standard DEB model includes an extra juvenile stage between the embryo and the usual juvenile stages, has been successfully implemented for the deep-sea Atlantic woodeater Xylonora atlantica. Most of the core and primary parameter values of the model were in the range of those found for shallow marine bivalve species; however, in comparison to shallow marine bivalves, X. atlantica required less energy conductance and energy to reach the puberty stage for the same range of body sizes, and its maximum reserve capacity was higher. Consequently, its size at first reproduction was small, and better survival under starvation conditions was expected. A series of functional traits were simulated according to different scenarios of food density and temperature. The results showed a weak cumulative number of oocytes, a low growth rate and a small maximum body size but an extended pelagic larval duration under deep-sea environmental conditions. Moreover, DEB modelling helped explain that some male X. atlantica individuals remain dwarfs while still reproducing by changing their energy allocation during their ontogenetic development in favour of reproduction. The estimation of functional traits using DEB modelling will be useful in further deep-sea studies on the connectivity and resilience of populations.

Relationship of Galectin-3 Expression in Canine Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas with Histopathological Grading and Proliferation Indices.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a frequent malignant neoplasm of the skin that usually arises from areas of solar dermatosis. It is characterized by local invasiveness and regional lymph node metastasis, mainly in poorly differentiated tumours. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a lectin that is expressed in the nucleus or cytoplasm and has been identified as a prognostic tool for human neoplasms. The purpose of this study was to characterize Gal-3 expression in canine cutaneous SCCs and to investigate its relationship with tumour differentiation and cell proliferation indices. Immunohistochemical analysis of 50 SCCs for Gal-3 revealed no correlation between the localization or intensity of immunolabelling, or number of immunopositive cells, with histological grade of tumour or proliferative activity. The results suggest that Gal-3 expression is not a reliable prognostic marker for cutaneous SCC in dogs.

Efeitos psicológicos da música em praticantes de exercício: uma revisão sistemática / Efectos psicológicos de la música en practicantes de ejercicio: Una revisión sistemática / The psychological effects of music in exercisers: a systematic review

OBJETIVO: Esta revisão sistemática teve o objetivo de sumariar a evidência existente sobre o efeito da utilização de música durante a prática de exercício em ginásio na motivação, vitalidade, resposta afetiva ao esforço e perceção subjetiva de esforço, entre outros fatores psicológicos. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa de artigos publicados até Janeiro de 2018 foi feita em 3 bases de dados (Pubmed, PsycINFO e SPORTDiscus), seguindo o modelo PICO, e complementada manualmente. A seguinte informação foi extraída dos artigos selecionados: tipo de estudo, características da intervenção, música (condição e instrumentos), outcomes (e instrumentos), resultados e qualidade metodológica. Esta última foi avaliada através do Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 32 artigos. Destes, 5 reportaram efeitos na motivação, 15 na resposta afetiva ao esforço, 23 na perceção subjetiva de esforço e 4 nas componentes motivacionais da música. A presença de música mostrou-se positivamente associada maiores níveis de motivação (n=3), a uma resposta afetiva ao esforço mais positiva (n=8), mas na generalidade não se mostrou associada a menores níveis de perceção de esforço (n=16). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da presença de música aparentar ter um efeito potencialmente positivo no nível de motivação e na resposta afetiva ao esforço, a variabilidade das amostras, dos protocolos de investigação e dos instrumentos utilizados na aferição das variáveis impossibilitam a retirada de conclusões, sublinhando a necessidade de novos estudos sobre esta temática

OBJETIVO: Esta revisión sistemática tuvo el objetivo de resumir la evidencia existente sobre el efecto de la utilización de música durante la práctica de ejercicio en el gimnasio en la motivación, vitalidad, respuesta afectiva al esfuerzo y percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo, entre otros factores psicológicos. MÉTODOS: La investigación de artículos publicados hasta Enero de 2018 fue hecha en 3 bases de datos (Pubmed, PsycINFO y SPORTDiscus), siguiendo el modelo PICO, y complementada manualmente. La siguiente información fue extraída de los artículos seleccionados: tipo de estudio, características de la intervención, música (condición e instrumentos), outcomes (e instrumentos), resultados y calidad metodológica. Esta última fue evaluada a través de la Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. RESULTADOS: Se han incluido 32 artículos. De estos, 5 reportaron efectos en la motivación, 15 en la respuesta afectiva al esfuerzo, 23 en la percepción de esfuerzo y 4 en los componentes motivacionales de la música. La presencia de música se mostró positivamente asociada a mayores niveles de motivación (n = 3), a una respuesta afectiva al esfuerzo más positivo (n = 8), pero en general no se mostró asociada a menores niveles de percepción de esfuerzo (n = 16). CONCLUSIÓN: A pesar de que la presencia de música parece tener un efecto potencialmente positivo en el nivel de motivación y en la respuesta afectiva al esfuerzo, la variabilidad de las muestras, de los protocolos de investigación y de los instrumentos utilizados en la medición de las variables imposibilitan la retirada de conclusiones, subrayando la necesidad de nuevos estudios sobre esta temática

AIM: This systematic review sought to summarize the available evidence on the effect of music presence in gym classes in motivation, vitality, exercise affective response, and perceived exertion, among other psychological factors. METHODS: The search of articles published until January 2018 was conducted in three online databases (Pubmed, PsycINFO and SPORTDiscus) following PICO model, and complemented manually. The following information was extracted from the selected articles: type of study, intervention characteristics, music condition and instruments, outcomes and assessment instruments, main results, and study methodological quality. The later was assessed with the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. RESULTS: A total of 32 articles were included, of which 5 reported effects on motivation, 15 on exercise affective response, 23 on perceived exertion, and 4 on the motivational aspects of music. Music presence was positively associated with higher levels of motivation (n=3), a more positive affective response to exercise (n=8), but generally not associated with lower levels of perceived exertion (n=16). CONCLUSION: Although music presence appears to have a potentially positive effect on motivation levels and exercise affective response, the variability in sample characteristics, research protocols, and assessment instruments prevents drawing conclusions, highlighting the need for more studies on this topic

Growth and formation mechanism of shape-selective preparation of ZnO structures: correlation of structural, vibrational and optical properties.

A shape-selective preparation method was used to obtain highly crystalline rod-, needle-, nut-, and doughnut-like ZnO morphologies with distinct particle sizes and surface areas. We study the nucleation and growth mechanism of those structures and the influence of physical-chemical parameters, such as the solvent and the pH of the solution, on the morphology, as well as the structural and optical properties. A clear correlation between the growth rate along the c-axis and surface defects was established. Our results suggest that the needle- and rod-like morphologies are formed due to the crystal growth orientation along the c-axis and the occurrence of crystalline defects, such as oxygen vacancies and interstitial Zn2+ located at the surface, whereas nuts and doughnuts are formed due to growth along all crystalline planes except those related to growth along the c-axis. Based on the experimental results, growth mechanisms for the formation of ZnO structures were proposed. We believe this synthetic route will be of guidance to prepare several materials whose shapes will depend on the desired applications.

Tailoring the physical and chemical properties of Sn1-xCoxO2 nanoparticles: an experimental and theoretical approach.

In this work, we present a coupled experimental and theoretical first-principles investigation on one of the more promising oxide-diluted magnetic semiconductors, the Sn1-xCoxO2 nanoparticle system, in order to see the effect of cobalt doping on the physical and chemical properties. Our findings suggest that progressive surface enrichment with dopant ions plays an essential role in the monotonous quenching of the surface disorder modes. That weakening is associated with the passivation of the oxygen vacancies as the Co excess at the surface becomes larger. Room-temperature 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy data analysis revealed the occurrence of a distribution of isomer shifts, related to the different non-equivalent surroundings of Sn4+ ions and the coexistence of Sn2+/Sn4+ at the particle surfaces provoked by the inhomogeneous distribution of Co ions, in agreement with the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Magnetic measurements revealed a paramagnetic behavior of the Co ions dispersed in the rutile-type matrix with antiferromagnetic correlations, which become stronger as the Co content is increased. Theoretical calculations show that a defect with two Co mediated by a nearby oxygen vacancy is the most likely defect. The predicted effects of this defect complex are in accordance with the experimental results.

Calibration of parameters in Dynamic Energy Budget models using Direct-Search methods.

Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory aims to capture the quantitative aspects of metabolism at the individual level, for all species. The parametrization of a DEB model is based on information obtained through the observation of natural populations and experimental research. Currently the DEB toolbox estimates these parameters using the Nelder-Mead Simplex method, a derivative-free direct-search method. However, this procedure presents some limitations regarding convergence and how to address constraints. Framed in the calibration of parameters in DEB theory, this work presents a numerical comparison between the Nelder-Mead Simplex method and the SID-PSM algorithm, a Directional Direct-Search method for which convergence can be established both for unconstrained and constrained problems. A hybrid version of the two methods, named as Simplex Directional Direct-Search, provides a robust and efficient algorithm, able to solve the constrained optimization problems resulting from the parametrization of the biological models.

Quantum well electronic states in a tilted magnetic field.

We report the energy spectrum and the eigenstates of conduction and uncoupled valence bands of a quantum well under the influence of a tilted magnetic field. In the framework of the envelope approximation, we implement two analytical approaches to obtain the nontrivial solutions of the tilted magnetic field: (a) the Bubnov-Galerkin spectral method and b) the perturbation theory. We discuss the validity of each method for a broad range of magnetic field intensity and orientation as well as quantum well thickness. By estimating the accuracy of the perturbation method, we provide explicit analytical solutions for quantum wells in a tilted magnetic field configuration that can be employed to study several quantitative phenomena.

Nanoscale Tipping Bucket Effect in a Quantum Dot Transistor-Based Counter.

Electronic circuits composed of one or more elements with inherent memory, that is, memristors, memcapacitors, and meminductors, offer lower circuit complexity and enhanced functionality for certain computational tasks. Networks of these elements are proposed for novel computational paradigms that rely on information processing and storage on the same physical platform. We show a nanoscaled memdevice able to act as an electronic analogue of tipping buckets that allows reducing the dimensionality and complexity of a sensing problem by transforming it into a counting problem. The device offers a well adjustable, tunable, and reliable periodic reset that is controlled by the amounts of transferred quantum dot charges per gate voltage sweep. When subjected to periodic voltage sweeps, the quantum dot (bucket) may require up to several sweeps before a rapid full discharge occurs thus displaying period doubling, period tripling, and so on between self-governing reset operations.

Brazilian version of the Care Transitions Measure: translation and validation.

AIM: To translate, adapt and evaluate psychometric properties of the complete (15 items) and reduced (three items) versions of the Care Transitions Measure into Brazilian Portuguese. INTRODUCTION: The Care Transitions Measure assesses the quality of care transitions, from the perspective of patients. As accomplishing effective transitions is a challenge to healthcare systems, the instrument provides an opportunity to assess care transitions and improve quality initiatives. METHODS: A three-phased design was used for cross-cultural adaptation, pre-testing and evaluation of psychometric properties of the measurement in a Brazilian hospital. After forward translation, back translation and expert committee review, patients evaluated the instrument in a pre-test. Psychometric testing included face and content validity, reliability, stability and factorial analysis. RESULTS: Cross-cultural adaptation was completed successfully with a high clarity rate. Internal consistency was good in the 15-item version and was moderate in the three-item version. Test-retest reliability showed good stability of the two versions over time. The three-item version had satisfactory criterion validity. Four factors were extracted for the 15-item measure. LIMITATIONS: Samples were restricted to a group of patients from one hospital in southern Brazil. Future studies should test the measurement's construct and predictive validity. CONCLUSIONS: The translated version of the Care Transitions Measure has good face and content validity, reliability and stability. It has shown to be a valid measurement for evaluating the quality of care transitions in Brazil. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY: Results are beneficial for nurses, managers and policy makers for evaluating care transitions and support the need for changes in policies and practices.

Optical and transport properties correlation driven by amorphous/crystalline disorder in InP nanowires.

Indium phosphide nanowires with a single crystalline zinc-blend core and polycrystalline/amorphous shell were grown from a reliable route without the use of hazardous precursors. The nanowires are composed by a crystalline core covered by a polycrystalline shell, presenting typical lengths larger than 10 µm and diameters of 80-90 nm. Raman spectra taken from as-grown nanowires exhibited asymmetric line shapes with broadening towards higher wave numbers which can be attributed to phonon localization effects. It was found that optical phonons in the nanowires are localized in regions with average size of 3 nm, which seems to have the same order of magnitude of grain sizes in the polycrystalline shell. Regardless of the fact that the nanowires exhibit a crystalline core, any considerable degree of disorder can lead to a localized behaviour of carriers. In consequence, the variable range hopping was observed as the main transport instead of the usual thermal excitation mechanisms. Furthermore the hopping length was ten times smaller than nanowire cross-sections, confirming that the nanostructures do behave as a 3D system. Accordingly, the V-shape observed in PL spectra clearly demonstrates a very strong influence of the potential fluctuations on the exciton optical recombination. Such fluctuations can still be observed at low temperature regime, confirming that the amorphous/polycrystalline shell of the nanowires affects the exciton recombination in every laser power regime tested.

Excitonic spin-splitting in quantum wells with a tilted magnetic field.

This work aims to investigate the effects of magnetic field strength and direction on the electronic properties and optical response of GaAs/AlGaAs-based heterostructures. An investigation of the excitonic spin-splitting of a disordered multiple quantum well embedded in a wide parabolic quantum well is presented. The results for polarization-resolved photoluminescence show that the magnetic field dependencies of the excitonic spin-splitting and photoluminescence linewidth are crucially sensitive to magnetic field orientation. Our experimental results are in good agreement with the calculated Zeeman splitting obtained by the Luttinger model, which predicts a hybridization of the spin character of states in the valence band under tilted magnetic fields.

Magnetic susceptibility and isothermal remanent magnetization in human tissues: a study case.

This study evaluated the magnetic properties, magnetic susceptibility and isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) of tissue samples from the brain, liver, spleen, pancreas, heart and lungs, resected from human corpses, with the aim of identifying the magnetic mineral structures and understanding their possible connection to diseases, professional activity, age and gender of the individual, smoking habits and the environment. The heart was the organ with the highest values of magnetic susceptibility and the pancreas showed the lowest values. No relationship was found between magnetic susceptibility, IRM values and ages of the individuals. However the samples obtained in females showed lower values of magnetic susceptibility than those resected from males. The samples collected from the lungs of smokers have higher values of magnetic susceptibility and IRM indicating the presence of magnetic particles with an anthropic origin. Moreover, the complexity of the magnetic behaviour of these tissues may suggest a contribution of both biogenic and anthropogenic magnetic particles also due to some professional activities. In the brain a heterogeneous distribution of the magnetic susceptibility values was found, which might be related mainly to the diamagnetic behaviour of myelin-rich structures. This study suggests that although the diamagnetic and paramagnetic behaviour is common to all structures, magnetite-type structures are always present in the tissues and hematite-type structures may also contribute to the magnetic signal of the sample. IRM values are only dependent on the presence of magnetite or hematite-type magnetic structures and so this technique seems more suitable to achieve the characterization of biomagnetic structures than magnetic susceptibility.

Effects of AlGaAs cladding layers on the luminescence of GaAs/GaAs1-xBix/GaAs heterostructures.

The structural and optical properties of GaAs1-xBix quantum wells (QWs) symmetrically clad by GaAs barriers with and without additional confining AlGaAs layers are studied. It is shown that a GaAs/GaAs1-xBix/GaAs QW with x ~ 4% and well width of ~ 4 nm grown by molecular beam epitaxy demonstrates efficient photoluminescence (PL) that becomes significantly more thermally stable when a cladding AlGaAs layer is added to the QW structure. The PL behavior for temperatures between 10 and 300 K and for excitation intensities varying by seven orders of magnitude can be well described in terms of the dynamics of excitons including carrier capture in the QW layer, thermal emission and diffusion into the cladding barriers. Understanding the role of these processes in the luminescence of dilute GaAs1-xBix QW structures facilitates the creation of highly efficient devices with reduced thermal sensitivity and low threshold current.

Implicación del farmacéutico comunitario en la dispensación a pacientes con trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad. Un estudio piloto / Involvement of community pharmacists on attention-defi cit/hyperactivity disorder patients. A pilot study

Introducción: Los tratamientos farmacológicos para el trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) mejoran la sintomatología, aunque cuentan con numerosos efectos secundarios. Los farmacéuticos no forman parte del equipo multidisciplinario que atiende este trastorno. Objetivo: Contribuir desde la farmacia comunitaria al proceso asistencial de estos pacientes. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y observacional, realizado en farmacias comunitarias de Andalucía. La muestra estuvo formada por pacientes, familiares o cuidadores con prescripciones de metilfenidato y/o de atomoxetina. Durante marzo-junio de 2009, mediante un cuestionario estructurado, se obtuvo información sobre el paciente, el diagnóstico médico, los medicamentos prescritos, las reacciones adversas medicamentosas (RAM), las alertas, el conocimiento sobre el tratamiento y las intervenciones farmacéuticas. Resultados: Participaron 59 farmacias y se cumplimentaron 136 cuestionarios. El 83% de la muestra fueron varones, la mayoría niños de entre 8 y 14 años de edad. El 93% tenía diagnosticado un TDAH. Metilfenidato fue el tratamiento más prescrito (90,6%), frente a atomoxetina (9,4%). La pérdida de apetito (68,10%), la dificultad para conciliar el sueño (31,03%), el dolor de cabeza (28,44%), los cambios de humor (23,27%) y la aparición de tics nerviosos (13,79%) fueron las RAM más prevalentes. A excepción de los tics, las formas retardadas de metilfenidato indujeron estos efectos en un porcentaje superior a las formas de liberación inmediata. Se detectaron 2,2 RAM/paciente tratados con metilfenidato y 4,3 RAM/paciente con atomoxetina. Se dispensó el tratamiento en el 98% de los casos, con información sobre el medicamento (29%) y educación sanitaria (26%), y se realizaron un 12% de derivaciones al médico. Conclusión: La intervención del farmacéutico comunitario en pacientes con TDAH puede contribuir a mejorar la efectividad y la seguridad de los tratamientos(AU)

Purpose: Available pharmacological treatments of attention-defi cit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are focus on reducing symptoms, however they have numerous side effects. Pharmacists are not included within the interdisciplinary team treating this disorder. Objective: This study wants to contribute from community pharmacies to the assistential process of ADHD patients. Method: A descriptive, transversal and observational study was carried out. The setting was community pharmacies from Andalusia, Spain. Subjects were patients, parents or guardians with prescriptions of methylphenidate and/or atomoxetine. During March-June 2009, the subjects fi lled in a questionnaire with information about the patient, medical diagnosis, prescribed medication, adverse drug reactions (ADR), alerts, the degree of knowledge of treatment and the role of the pharmacist. Results: 59 community pharmacies were recruited, and 136 questionnaires were completed; 83% of the sample were male, mainly children between 8-14 years old. Extended release methylphenidate, was the most prescribed treatment (90.6%) against atomoxetine (9.4%). Loss of appetite (68.10%), diffi culty sleeping (31.03%), headache (28.44%), mood swings (23.27%) and tics (13.79%), were the most prevalent ADR. Except the tics, OROS methylphenidate induced these effects in higher percentage than immediate release forms. 2.2 ADR/patient was found using methylphenidate and 4.3 ADR/patient with atomoxetine. Treatments were dispensed in 98% of the cases, giving information about the drug (29%), health education (26%) and the patients were sent back to the doctor when necessary (12%). Conclusion: The intervention of community pharmacists on ADHD patients could be an important contribution in order to improve the effectiveness and safety of treatments(AU)

Temperature-dependent Raman study of thermal parameters in CdS quantum dots.

We report on the strong temperature-dependent thermal expansion, α(D), in CdS quantum dots (QDs) embedded in a glass template. We have performed a systematic study by using the temperature-dependent first-order Raman spectra, in CdS bulk and in dot samples, in order to assess the size dependence of α(D), and where the role of the compressive strain provoked by the glass host matrix on the dot response is discussed. We report the Grüneisen mode parameters and the anharmonic coupling constants for small CdS dots with mean radius R âˆ¼ 2.0 nm. We found that γ parameters change, with respect to the bulk CdS, in a range between 20 and 50%, while the anharmonicity contribution from two-phonon decay channel becomes the most important process to the temperature-shift properties.