Desigualdades sociais no discurso da enfermagem brasileira: compromisso social e luta hegemónica / Social inequalities in Brazilian nursing discourse: social commitment and hegemonic struggle / Desigualdades sociales en el discurso de la enfermería brasileña: compromiso social y lucha hegemónica

Resumo Enquadramento: As desigualdades sociais manifestam-se como um desafio contemporâneo e os profissionais de enfermagem possuem um papel importante no seu combate, na defesa da justiça social e na promoção de relações de poder mais democráticas. Objetivo: Analisar as dimensões das desigualdades sociais nos discursos de entidades representativas da enfermagem brasileira. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo, do tipo documental, que utilizou 10 documentos de posicionamento público de 3 sociedades da enfermagem brasileira. Resultados: O discurso sobre desigualdades sociais é representado pelas dimensões Género, Raça/Etnia, Fator económico e Outras vulnerabilidades, evidenciando a naturalização do racismo e da discriminação como condição que afeta a sociedade e a enfermagem. Os interesses específicos da enfermagem são apresentados como interesses gerais da sociedade, sobretudo quanto às dimensões de desigualdades de género e raça/etnia. Denúncia, defesa de públicos vulnerabilizados e persuasão dos atores sociais são os principais modos de organização discursiva presentes no posicionamento das entidades. Conclusão: Há um alto comprometimento discursivo das entidades com as desigualdades de grupos sociais, nomeadamente no que concerne ao género, raça/etnia, fator económico e outras vulnerabilidades, num posicionamento político de justiça social.

Abstract Background: Social inequalities are a contemporary challenge. Nurses play an important role in fighting against them, defending social justice and promoting more democratic power relations. Objective: To analyze the dimensions of social inequalities in the discourses of representing entities in Brazilian nursing. Methodology: Qualitative document study in a sample of ten public texts illustrating the positioning of 3 Brazilian nursing entities. Results: The discourse on social inequalities is represented by the dimensions of Gender, Race/Ethnicity, Economic status, and Other vulnerabilities, highlighting the normalization of racism and discrimination as factors that affect society and nursing. Nursing's specific interests are presented as society's general interests, particularly regarding the dimensions of gender-based and racial inequalities. The identification and defense of vulnerable groups and persuasion of social actors are the main forms of discourse organization in the entities' position. Conclusion: Representing entities are highly committed to a discourse on social inequalities, namely gender-based, racial, related to economic status and other vulnerabilities.

Resumen Marco contextual: Las desigualdades sociales son un desafío contemporáneo y los profesionales de la enfermería tienen un papel importante que desempeñar para combatirlas, defender la justicia social y promover relaciones de poder más democráticas. Objetivo: Analizar las dimensiones de las desigualdades sociales en los discursos de las entidades representativas de la enfermería brasileña. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo de tipo documental, que utilizó 10 documentos de posicionamiento público de 3 sociedades de enfermería brasileñas. Resultados: El discurso sobre las desigualdades sociales está representado por las dimensiones de Género, Raza/Etnia, Factor económico y Otras vulnerabilidades, lo que destaca la naturalización del racismo y de la discriminación como condición que afecta a la sociedad y la enfermería. Los intereses específicos de la enfermería se presentan como intereses generales de la sociedad, especialmente en las dimensiones de desigualdades de género y raza/etnia. La denuncia, la defensa de los grupos vulnerabilizados y la persuasión de los actores sociales son los principales modos de organización discursiva presentes en el posicionamiento de las entidades. Conclusión: Existe un alto compromiso discursivo de las entidades con las desigualdades de los grupos sociales, en particular, en relación con el género, la raza/etnia, el factor económico y otras vulnerabilidades, en un posicionamiento político de justicia social.

Short communication: Occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci in dairy goat herds in Ohio, United States.

In light of the scarcity of information about the occurrence and epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS) in small ruminants in general, and particularly dairy goats, we launched this limited-scope study. The findings reported here show the detection of MRSA and MRCNS in goat milk and teat skin samples from dairy goat herds in the state of Ohio. A total of 120 milk samples and 120 teat-swab samples were collected from 5 farms. After conventional isolation and phenotypic characterization of the staphylococci colonies, bacterial isolates were tested by PCR assay targeting the genes nuc to identify Staphylococcus aureus and mecA to detect MRSA and MRCNS. The clonal complexes of MRSA isolates was also determined by multiloccus sequence typing. Fifteen (6.2%) positive S. aureus samples were found in this study: 9 from milk and 6 from teat skin samples. Four (2%) MRSA isolates were detected and, using multiloccus sequence typing genotyping, these were designated to clonal complexes CC133 (n = 2; milk samples) and CC5 (n = 2; teat skin). Three (1.25%) coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates from the teat skin also harbored the mecA gene. Although, the MRSA isolated from milk samples is not a typical human-associated lineage, the CC5 clone isolated from teat skin is a common and widespread clonal complex associated with humans, suggesting that this extramammary niche could be a relevant reservoir of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Furthermore, the fact that 75% of MRSA were recovered from 1 farm showing poor hygiene practices strengthens the hypothesis that good hygiene practices could be useful to prevent persistence and spread of MRSA at a farm level.

Momento de aplicação do nitrogênio e algumas variáveis estruturais e bromatológicas do capim-massai / Time of nitrogen application and some structural and bromatologic variables of massaigrass

As plantas forrageiras tropicais apresentam alto potencial de produção de massa de forragem, condicionada às condições edafoclimáticas, principalmente à adubação nitrogenada. A magnitude da resposta depende do sincronismo entre a disponibilidade de nutrientes e as necessidades da planta forrageira na rebrotação, e os resultados encontrados na literatura são contrastantes. Assim, este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar características estruturais e bromatológicas de Panicum maximum Jacq cv. Massai submetido a quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 40, 80 e 120mg/dm3) e três momentos de aplicação após o corte (um, três e sete dias), divididos em três cortes, em um esquema fatorial 4 x 3 e delineado inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro repetições. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação. O incremento na taxa de aparecimento de perfilhos, na densidade populacional de perfilhos, na produção de massa seca de folha total e nos teores de proteína bruta foi de 42%, 65%, 770% e 35%, respectivamente, para a dose de 120mg/dm³ em relação à ausência de adubação nitrogenada. As fibras em detergente neutro e em detergente ácido decresceram cerca de 6% e 9%, respectivamente, com a adição de nitrogênio. Apenas a massa seca de folha total respondeu às épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio após o corte, com valores pouco expressivos. A adubação nitrogenada exerce efeito positivo sobre as variáveis estudadas, porém novos estudos devem ser conduzidos para a definição da época de adubação de nitrogênio após o corte, para a melhor utilização do nutriente pelas plantas.(AU)

Tropical forage plants have a high potential for mass production of fodder, subject to soil and climatic conditions, especially with nitrogen fertilization. The magnitude of the response depends on the timing of availability of nutrients and forage plant needs in the regrowth. Thus, this work was carried out to evaluate structural and bromatologic characteristics of the Panicum maximum Jacq cv. Massai in response to four nitrogen doses (0, 40, 80 and 120mg/dm3) and with three application times after cutting (one, three and seven days) in a 4 x 3 factorial treatment combination, in a completely randomized design, with four replicates. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. The increase in the rate of tillering, tiller population density, dry mass total leaf production and crude protein levels was 42%, 65%, 770% and 35%, respectively for the dose of 120mg / dm³ regarding the absence of fertilization. The neutral detergent and acid detergent fibers showed a decrease of 6% and 9% with nitrogen addition. Dry mass total leaf production responded to times of nitrogen application after cutting, with little significant values. Nitrogen fertilization has a positive effect on the variables studied, but new studies should be conducted to define the timing of nitrogen fertilization after cutting, for better utilization of this nutrient by plants.(AU)

Palatabilizantes em dietas de leitões recém-desmamados / Flavors in diets for weanling pigs

Com o intuito de verificar a eficácia do açúcar e do edulcorante à base de sacarina sódica e neoesperidina nas dietas de leitões, foram realizados dois experimentos, ambos com 42 leitões recém-desmamados aos 21 dias de idade. Foram oferecidas três dietas: dieta controle (DC), dieta com açúcar (DA) e dieta com edulcorante (DE). Os experimentos foram em blocos ao acaso, sendo o primeiro com sete repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental e o segundo com seis repetições, um animal por unidade experimental, e arranjo fatorial 3 x 2 + 1 (três dietas, duas épocas de abate: aos 28 e 35 dias de idade e um abate no dia do desmame). No primeiro experimento, os animais permaneceram nas instalações de creche até 63 dias de idade para avaliação do desempenho e da viabilidade econômica das dietas. No segundo experimento, os animais foram abatidos para se proceder à pesagem de órgãos, medição do comprimento do intestino delgado e coleta dos segmentos do duodeno e jejuno para realização da morfometria intestinal. Não houve diferenças entre as dietas para consumo diário de ração (CDR), ganho diário de peso (GDP) e conversão alimentar (CA) nos períodos 1 (21 aos 28 dias), 3 (21 aos 50 dias) e 4 (21 aos 63 dias de idade). No período 2 (21 aos 35 dias), os animais que consumiram a DE apresentaram maior (P<0,05) CDR e GDP, se comparados aos que consumiram a DA. Nos períodos 1, 2 e 3, foi observado menor custo da dieta por kg de peso vivo ganho e melhores índices econômico e de custo para os animais que consumiram DE. Ao se avaliar a morfometria intestinal e o peso de órgãos, não se observou diferença entre as dietas, com exceção para o peso do estômago, que foi maior nos animais que consumiram DE. A inclusão de edulcorante é eficaz em melhorar o desempenho no período 2, além de ser viável sob o ponto de vista econômico...

In order to verify the effectiveness of sugar and sweeteners containing saccharin and neohesperidin in diets of piglets, two experiments were conducted, both with 42 newborn piglets weaned at 21 days old. Were offered three diets: control diet (DC), diet with sugar (DA) and diet with sweetener (DE). The experiments were done in randomized blocks, the first of which had seven replicates and two animals per experimental unit and the second, six replicates and one animal per experimental unit comprising a factorial 3 x 2 + 1 design (three diets, two slaughter ages: at 28 and 35 days of age and slaughter on the day of weaning). In the first experiment, the animals remained in the nursery facilities until 63 days of age to evaluate the performance and the economic viability of the diets. In the second experiment, the animals were slaughtered to weigh the organs, measure the length of the small intestine and collect segments of the duodenum and jejunum to determine intestinal morphology. There were no differences between diets for the average dairy feed intake (ADFI), average dairy gain (ADG) and gain:feed (G:F) in Periods 1 (21 to 28 days), 3 (21 to 50 days) and 4 (21 to 63 days old). In Period 2 (21 to 35 days), animals that consumed DE had higher (P<0.05) ADFI and ADG, compared to those fed the DA. In Periods 1, 2 and 3 a lower cost per kg of the diet of live weight gain and better economic indicators for the animals fed DE were observed. No differences were observed between the diets when evaluating intestinal morphology and organ weights, except for the weight of the stomach, which was higher in animals fed DE. The inclusion of sweetener is effective in improving performance in Period 2, and is viable under the economical point of view...

Effects of optimized mixtures containing phenolic compounds on the oxidative stability of sausages.

Phenolic compounds were applied in a sausage formulation as a substitute for artificial sodium erythorbate used as antioxidant. Five assays were prepared in which sodium erythorbate control at 0.05 g/100 g was replaced with a hydrosoluble mixture containing caffeic acid + carnosic acid (47% + 53%) and a liposoluble mixture containing quercetin + rutin (67% + 33%) in two final concentrations (0.05 g/100 g and 0.08 g/100 g). Physico-chemical, color, texture, and sensory parameters were measured on the first day and after 45 days of storage at 4 °C. All phenolic compound mixtures were able to maintain oxidative stability in the sausages when measured by the malondialdehyde concentration, which was expressed as TBARS. The mixture containing quercetin + rutin at 0.05 g/100 g showed lower malondialdehyde formation after 45 days of storage, and no sensory differences from the sausage adopted as control.

Effect of the partial substitution of soy proteins by highly methyl-esterified pectin on chemical and sensory characteristics of sausages.

Pectin can be used as a natural emulsifier in food formulations. In this study, textured soybean protein (TSP), used as an emulsifier in commercial sausages, was partially replaced by a mixture containing pectin and isolated soybean proteins, which were either extruded (EXT) or not extruded (MIX), and the chemical and sensory characteristics of samples were evaluated after 60 days of storage at 4 °C. Responses such as oxidation measured by PV and TBARS, hardness, color, pH and sensory characteristics were compared with those of a commercial sausage (CON). The mixture containing highly methyl-esterified pectin, textured soybean proteins and isolated soybean proteins, as emulsifier agent, reduced the hardness (EXT: 21.69±0.98 and MIX: 20.17 ±2.76 N) and the pH (EXT: 5.46±0.03 and MIX: 5.29±0.01) of the samples and increased the concentration of peroxides (EXT: 0.10±0.01 and MIX: 0.15 ±0.01 meq/kg) when compared with samples formulated only with TSP (28.57 ± 2.54 N, pH of 6.92±0.04 and PV = 0.07 ± 0.01 meq/ kg). These effects were likely caused by the anionic character of the emulsifier. However, no sensory difference was observed between the sausages containing highly methyl-esterified pectin, textured soybean proteins and isolated soybean proteins submitted to the extrusion process (EXT) and the control sausages, suggesting that the formulation proposed in this study can be a potential alternative for the further development of sausages that have functional properties or are free of artificial additives.

Fumonisins and deoxynivalenol in corn-based food products in Portugal.

A great diversity of crops is vulnerable to fungal attack and might be contaminated with mycotoxins. Currently it is estimated that 25% of the world's harvest production is contaminated to some level with these toxins. The presence of fumonisins and deoxynivalenol in corn-based foods, available in Portugal, was analyzed in order to produce some data that may be useful for hazard characterization. A total of 105 samples were screened, including, corn meal (41), sweet corn (49) and corn flakes (15). None of the 15 samples of corn flakes contained some detectable amount of fumonisins. However, fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) contamination was found in 100.0% and 70.7% of the corn meal samples, respectively. Sweet corn samples were positive in 73.4% for FB1, although no FB2 was detected. The highest levels of fumonisin were found in corn meal (maximum: 1300 microg FB1/kg and 450 microg FB2/kg). The presence of deoxynivalenol was not detected in any of the analyzed samples. Nevertheless these results indicate the need to establish, by corn products manufacturers, a continuous monitoring program to prevent and manage the occurrence of these contaminants.

Co-occurrence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in crops marketed in Portugal.

A total of 307-samples of plant crops (both home-grown and imported) marketed in Portugal, including maize and maize-based products (132), wheat and wheat-based products (82), barley (25), soybean (53), sunflower (8) and alfalfa (7), were analyzed for the co-occurrence of the Fusarium toxins, zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON). Analysis for ZEA and DON was carried out by HPLC, with fluorescence and UV detection, respectively. Of the 307 samples, ZEA and DON co-occurred in 46 samples (co-occurrence of 15?); 84 samples were DON-positive and 171 were ZEA-positive. The mean ZEA and DON concentrations were 0.17 and 0.07 mg kg(-1), respectively. The highest levels found in the samples were 0.93 mg kg(-1) for ZEA and 17.9 mg kg(-1) for DON. One DON-positive and 13 ZEA-positive samples had contamination levels above the EU maximum legal limit.

Antiproliferative activity of Pterodon pubescens Benth. seed oil and its active principle on human melanoma cells.

On a preliminary screening, relevant in vitro antiproliferative activity was observed to the crude ethanolic extract of Pterodon pubescens seed oil against the human melanoma cell line SK MEL 37. The diethyl ether fraction from crude ethanolic extract which exhibited stronger activity was submitted to fractionation by gradient elution with hexane/ethyl acetate. Subfraction A, eluted by hexane/ethyl acetate (80:20), was essentially the most active between all the assayed subfractions with an IC(50) of 37microg/ml calculated by the MTT colorimetric method. At this concentration, subfraction A caused morphological features and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation pattern of apoptosis. Through chromatographic separation, the furane diterpene 1 was isolated from this active subfraction and identified by spectral techniques. Compound 1 showed an IC(50) value of 32microM and fluorescence staining with DAPI revealed some typical nuclear changes which are characteristic of apoptosis. These findings support a role for diterpenoids vouacapan-type skeleton as a model to develop new anticancer agents.

Ação do extrato metanólico e etanólico de Davilla elliptica St. Hill. (Malpighiaceae) na resposta imune / Action of Davilla elliptica St. Hill. (Malpighiaceae) methanolic and ethanolic extracts in the immune response

Plantas têm contribuído no tratamento da maioria das doenças. Considerando a importância terapêutica das plantas medicinais, foi avaliada a atividade imunológica dos extratos metanólico e etanólico de Davilla elliptica. Macrófagos estão envolvidos em todos estágios da resposta imune, podendo liberar componentes como: peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), óxido nítrico (NO) e fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-alfa). A estimulação dos macrófagos foi avaliada pela determinação de H2O2, NO e TNF-alfa em culturas de macrófagos peritoneais de camundongos na presença dos extratos da D. elliptica. IC50 foi determinado através de ensaio utilizando MTT. Os estudos fitoquímicos realizados mostraram a presença de flavonóides derivados da quercetina e miricetina entre outros compostos. A produção de H2O2 não foi muito expressiva em ambos extratos, contudo a de NO foi significativa. Os dois extratos induziram a produção de TNF-alfa, sendo que a liberação dessa citocina pelo extrato metanólico foi quase cinco vezes maior do que pelo extrato etanólico. Uma relação entre as sínteses de NO e TNF-alfa foi observada. O aumento na produção de NO está relacionado com a indução de citocinas pró-inflamatórias como TNF-alfa. Analisando os resultados, sugere-se que os extratos metanólico e etanólico de D. elliptica podem modular a ativação de macrófagos.

Plants have contributed in a significant way to the treatment of most of the diseases. Considering the therapeutic importance of the medicinal plants, the immunological activity of the methanolic and ethanolic extract of Davilla elliptica was evaluated. In every stage of the immune response macrophages are involved and they can release many compounds such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Macrophages stimulation was evaluated by the determination of H2O2, NO and TNF-alpha in peritoneal macrophages cultures of mice in the presence of the D. elliptica extracts. IC50 was determined by MTT assay. The phytochemical study showed flavonoids derived from quercetin and myricetin and other compounds. The production of H2O2 was not very expressive in both extracts, but they presented a significant effect on NO production. The two extracts induced TNF-alpha production, although the methanolic liberated almost five times more TNF-alpha than the ethanolic one. A relationship among the synthesis of NO and TNF-alpha was observed. The increase of NO production is related with the induction of proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha. Analyzing the results, it is suggested that methanolic and ethanolic extract of D. elliptica can modulate macrophage activation.

Citotoxicidade de Styrax camporum Pohl em macrófagos peritoneais e a liberação de H202 / Citotoxicity of Styrax camporum Pohl in peritoneal macrophages and H202 liberation

A resposta imunológica engloba contexto amplo envolvendo várias células, sendo o macrófago importante na resposta inflamatória que antecede a resposta imune celular. Existem vários estímulos à membrana macrofágica que podem desencadear a liberação de H2O2, contribuindo para uma ação antimicrobiana e citotóxica. Atualmente há uma forte tendência em se estudar produtos naturais quanto à capacidade de atuação no sistema imunológico. Este estudo avaliou a citotoxicidade do extrato bruto (EB) e das frações hexânica (HX) e acética (AC) extraídos do caule de Styrax camporum Pohl (Styracaceae) e determinou a concentração de H2O2 nos sobrenadantes de culturas de macrófagos peritoneais de camundongos expostos à EB, HX e AC nas concentrações de 4,2 e 1 mg/ml. A fração HX a 2 mg/ml foi capaz de promover significativa liberação de H2O2, quando comparada com Zimosan (controle positivo). Na concentração de 4 mg/ml, HX e EB apresentaram alta toxicidade. A fração AC não promoveu nenhuma liberação de H2O2, enquanto EB produziu baixa liberação. Concluiu-se que a fração HX é um potente estimulador de macrófagos, apresentando toxicidade elevada em altas concentrações

[Harlequin fetus]. / Feto arlequim.

The authors show a typical case of harlequin fetus. After a description of the gross features found in a male newborn, several aspects concerning genetics, physiopathology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis are discussed.

Resseccao transuretral (RTU) de prostata no cao estudo das repercussoes na funcao renal e no fluxo e composicao da linfa. / Transurethral resection of the prostate in the dog study of the repercussions on the renal function and on the flow and composition of the lymph

Com o objetivo de avaliar as repercussoes imediatas da RTU da prostata em funcao renal e no fluxo e composicao da linfa, empregaram-se o modelo de RTU no cao (Trindade e col., 1974) e o manitol a 5% como liquido de irrigacao. Para estudar separadamente as repercussoes dependentes exclusivamente da RTU nao complicada e aquelas decorrentes da perfuracao da capsula prostatica, com extravasamento do liquido de irrigacao, os animais foram distribuidos em 3 grupos experimentais: (1) controle, (2) ressecado e (3) perfurado. A RTU com e sem perfuracao causou elevacao do potassio da linfa, que foi atribuida a hiponatremia acentuada e ao trauma cirurgico provocado nesses animais. Nao foi possivel demonstrar repercussoes em parametros de funcao renal dependentes da RTU com ou sem perfuracao da capsula prostatica