Suplementação da dieta de codornas com minerais nas formas orgânicas sobre o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos / Supplementation in quail diet with organic minerals on performance and egg quality

Foram realizados três experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação de minerais na forma orgânica na dieta de codornas japonesas na fase de postura sobre o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos das aves. Os níveis de minerais utilizados por kg de ração, para cada experimento, foram: controle, 0,35, 0,70 e 1,05mg de Se orgânico (experimento 1); controle, 50, 100 e 150mg de Zn orgânico (experimento 2) e controle, 60, 120 e 180mg de Mn orgânico (experimento 3). As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, sendo oito aves por parcela e seis repetições por tratamento. Foram avaliadas as características de desempenho - consumo diário de ração, peso dos ovos, porcentagem de postura, conversão alimentar por massa de ovos e por dúzia de ovos e viabilidade - e qualidade dos ovos - unidade Haugh, índice gema, porcentagens de casca, albúmen e gema, espessura de casca e gravidade específica. O Zn orgânico suplementado à dieta melhorou o desempenho das aves e a qualidade dos ovos, o Mn orgânico melhorou a qualidade da casca e reduziu o peso dos ovos e o Se não apresentou efeitos sobre as características avaliadas.

Three experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of minerals in organic form in diet supplementation in Japanese quails performance. The levels of minerals used per kg of diet for each experiment were: Experiment 1: control, 0.35; 0.70 and 1.05mg organic; Experiment 2: control, 50; 100 and 150mg organic Zn; and Experiment 3: control, 60; 120 and 180mg organic Mn. The birds were randomly allotted in treatments with eight birds per experimental unit and six replicates per treatment. Performance traits of the quails estimated by daily feed intake, egg weight, egg production, feed conversion by egg mass and per dozen eggs and viability, and egg quality measured by Haugh unit, yolk index, shell, albumen and yolk percentage, shell thickness and specific gravity were evaluated. The organic Zn diet supplementation improved bird performance and egg quality, the organic Mn diet improved eggshell quality and reduced egg weight, and the Se diet did not affect the evaluated characteristics.

Effect of mannanoligosaccharides and/or enzymes on antibody titers against infectious bursal and Newcastle disease viruses / Efeito do mananoligossacarídeo e/ou enzimas sobre títulos de anticorpos contra os vírus das doenças de Gumboro e de Newcastle

The effect of including mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) and/or enzymes in broiler diets on antibody titers against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was evaluated. A total of 750 broilers were distributed into a completely randomized experimental design in a factorial arrangement 2 x 2 + 1 with two levels of MOS (0 and 0.1 percent until 21 days and 0.05 percent from 22 to 42 days of age), two levels of enzymes (0 and 0.05 percent) and a positive control diet containing antibiotic, totaling five treatments with five replicates each. For antibody analyses, blood samples were weekly collected by jugular vein puncture in the same two birds per replicate. The first and last collections were done at 7 and 42 days of age, respectively. The inclusion of MOS resulted in increased antibody titers against IBDV in the fourth (P<0.03) and fifth (P<0.02) weeks, and against NDV in the third (P<0.01), fourth (P<0.03) and fifth (P<0.03) weeks of age. MOS was effective in stimulating the humoral immune responses against IBDV and NDV vaccine viruses.

O efeito da inclusão de mananoligossacarídeo (MOS) e/ou enzimas em dietas de frangos sobre os títulos de anticorpos contra os vírus das doenças de Gumboro (VDG) e de Newcastle (VDN). Setecentos e cinqüenta aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 + 1, com dois níveis de MOS (0 e 0,1 por cento até 21 dias e 0,05 por cento de 22 até 42 dias de idade), dois níveis de enzimas (0 e 0,05 por cento) e uma dieta-controle-positivo contendo antibióticos, totalizando cinco tratamentos com cinco repetições. Para análise dos anticorpos, amostras de sangue foram colhidas semanalmente por punção da veia jugular em duas aves de cada repetição. A primeira e a última colheita foram realizadas aos sete e 42 dias de idade, respectivamente. A inclusão de MOS resultou em aumento dos títulos contra VDG na quarta (P<0,03) e quinta (P<0,02) semanas, e contra VDN na terceira (P<0,01), quarta (P<0,03) e quinta (P<0,03) semanas de idade. O MOS foi efetivo em estimular a resposta imune humoral contra VDG e VDN vacinais.

Effect of hormonal replacement therapy in the hippocampus of ovariectomized epileptic female rats using the pilocarpine experimental model.

Amado and Cavalheiro [Amado, D., Cavalheiro, E.A., 1998. Hormonal and gestational parameters in female rats submitted to the pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 32, 266-274], studying the establishment of the pilocarpine epilepsy model in female rats observed that the estrous cycle was dramatically altered during the three periods of this experimental model. This work was delineated to study the function of sexual hormones in the development of the epilepsy model induced by pilocarpine in ovariectomized rats. Experimental groups were: (a) control animals during estrus phase of the estrous cycle (E) and ovariectomized female rats (OVX) treated with saline instead of pilocarpine in the same volume, (b) experimental animals, that developed status epilepticus (SE) and were studied during the chronic phase of this model: intact chronic rats (CHRON) and ovariectomized chronic rats (OVX+CHRON) and (c) ovariectomized chronic rats, that were submitted to hormonal replacement therapy treated with: medroxyprogesterone (OVX+CHRON+MPA); 17beta-estradiol (OVX+CHRON+E2), or both (OVX+CHRON+E2+MPA). All ovariectomized animals showed genital atrophy 4 days after the surgical procedure. Moreover, all animals that developed SE and survived showed spontaneous recurrent seizures during the chronic phase. Concerning to seizure frequency, animals receiving medroxyprogesterone associated with 17beta-estradiol showed decreased seizures' number. However, animals that received only medroxyprogesterone therapy also showed reduction in the number of seizures. In addition, hormonal treatment was also able to stabilize the mossy fibers sprouting process, showing the importance of these hormones in the development of the epilepsy in female rats.

Utilização de nutrientes em frangos alimentados com dietas suplementadas com fitase e níveis reduzidos de fósforo não-fítico / Utilization of nutrients in broilers fed diets supplemented with phytase and reduced nonphytate phosphorus levels

Avaliaram-se a digestibilidade ileal, retenção de nutrientes e valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) de dietas suplementadas com fitase e níveis reduzidos de fósforo não-fítico (FNF) para frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 330 pintos machos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso e esquema fatorial 2 x 3 com dois níveis de fitase (0 e 25U/kg) e três níveis de FNF (100, 85 e 70 por cento das exigências da ave), totalizando seis tratamentos com cinco repetições de 11 aves cada. Não houve efeito da interação FNF vs fitase e dos níveis de FNF ou fitase sobre a retenção de matéria seca e de fósforo, e a interação FNF vs fitase foi significativa para retenção de proteína bruta e coeficiente de digestibilidade ileal da matéria seca. A suplementação com fitase, independente dos níveis de FNF, melhorou o coeficiente digestibilidade ileal da proteína bruta, do cálcio e do fósforo. A retenção de cálcio e a redução dos níveis de FNF diminuíam a metabolização da energia bruta das dietas com 85 e 70 por cento das exigências de FNF. Dietas com nível de 70 por cento das exigências de FNF, suplementadas com fitase, podem ser usadas para frangos de corte sem prejuízos à digestibilidade ileal e retenção da matéria seca, proteína bruta, cálcio e fósforo e à metabolização da energia bruta.

The ileal digestibility, the retention of nutrients, and the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values of diets supplemented with phytase and low levels of nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) for broilers were evaluated. Three hundred and thirty male birds were used. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks in a factorial arrangement 2x3 with two phytase levels (0 and 25U/kg) and three NPP levels (100, 85, and 70 percent of the bird requirement in each phase), with five replicates of 11 broiler for each experimental unit. Effects of NPP vs phytase interaction and NPP and phytase levels on dry matter (DM) and phosphorus (P) retention were not observed; but significant effects of NPP vs phytase on crude protein (CP) retention and DM ileal digestibility coefficient (IDC). Phytase supplementation, independently of NPP levels, improved CPIDC, CaIDC, PIDC, and Ca retention and the lower NPP levels decreased the gross energy metabolization in diets with 85 and 70 percent of NPP requirements. Diets with NPP level corresponding to 70 percent of the bird requirements, supplemented with phytase, can be used for broiler with no negative effect on ileal digestibility and retention of dry matter, crude protein, calcium and phosphorus, and on apparent metabolizable energy.

Performance and morphology of intestinal mucosa of broilers fed mannan-oligosaccharides and enzymes / Desempenho e morfologia da mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte alimentados com mananoligossacarídeos e enzimas

The performance and the morphology of intestinal mucosa of broilers fed mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) and enzymes (E) from one to 21-day-old were evaluated using 750 one-day-old chicks, assigned to a 2 x 2 + 1 factorial design - two levels of MOS (0 and 0.1 percent), two levels of E (0 and 0.05 percent) plus an antibiotic positive control diet - performing five treatments of five replications each one. MOS x E interaction was significant for both duodenal (P<0.002 and P<0.002) and ileal (P<0.04 and P<0.05) perimeters and heights of villi, being the values lower in the mucosa of birds fed non-supplemented diets. MOS based-diet determined an increase on perimeter of jejunal villi (P<0.05). Compared with antibiotic treatment group, villi perimeter (P<0.02) and height (P<0.005), and crypt depth (P<0.02) of duodenum of broiler fed MOS were higher. Broilers fed MOS and/or E did not perform better, but higher villi perimeter and height were observed in the intestinal mucosa of those birds.

Avaliaram-se o desempenho e a morfologia da mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte alimentados com mananoligossacarídeos (MOS) e enzimas (E) até os 21 dias de idade. Utilizaram-se 750 pintainhos de um dia em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 + 1 (dois níveis de MOS - 0 e 0,1 por cento, dois níveis de E - 0 e 0,05 por cento e uma dieta controle positivo com antibióticos) totalizando cinco tratamentos com cinco repetições cada. A interação MOS x E foi significativa para o perímetro de altura de vilos no duodeno (P<0,02 e P<0,02) e no íleo (P<0,04 e P<0,05), sendo os valores menores observados na mucosa das aves alimentadas com dietas não-suplementadas. A dieta contendo MOS determinou aumento no perímetro dos vilos no jejuno (P<0,05). Comparado com o grupo controle positivo, o perímetro (P<0,02) e a altura (P<0,005) dos vilos e a profundidade de cripta (P<0,02) no duodeno das aves do tratamento com MOS foram maiores. As aves que consumiram dietas com MOS e/ou E não tiveram melhor desempenho, mas maiores perímetros e alturas de vilos foram observados na mucosa intestinal dessas aves.

Succinate increases neuronal post-synaptic excitatory potentials in vitro and induces convulsive behavior through N-methyl-d-aspartate-mediated mechanisms.

Succinate is a dicarboxylic acid that accumulates due to succinate dehydrogenase inhibition by malonate and methylmalonate exposure. These neurotoxins cause increased excitability and excitotoxic damage, which can be prevented by administering high amounts of succinate. In the present study we investigated whether succinate alters hippocampal field excitatory post-synaptic potentials. Bath application of succinate at intermediate concentrations (0.3-1 mM) increased the slope of field excitatory post-synaptic potentials in hippocampal slices, and at high concentrations (above 1 mM) did not alter or decrease field excitatory post-synaptic potentials slope. Succinate-induced enhancement of field excitatory post-synaptic potentials slope was abolished by the addition of d-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (50 microM) to the perfusate, supporting the involvement of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the excitatory effect of this organic acid. Accordingly, succinate (0.8-7.5 micromol) i.c.v. administration caused dose-dependent convulsive behavior in mice. The i.c.v. co-administration of MK-801 (7 nmol) fully prevented succinate-induced convulsions, further suggesting the involvement of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the convulsant action of succinate. Our data indicate that accumulation of moderate amounts of succinate may contribute to the excitotoxicity induced by succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, through the activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors.

[Perilymphatic fistula: report of a case which resolved spontaneously in five days and literature review]. / Fístula perilinfática: presentación de un caso con resolución espontánea en cinco días y revisión de la literatura.

AIMS: We report a patient with a perilymphatic fistula and review the literature on this topic. CASE REPORT: The patient was a 50 years old male with a five days history of intense and continuous vertigo associated with nausea, vomiting and sweating, which was initiated after a sudden noise in the left ear. The symptoms resolved spontaneously over five days, without surgical treatment. The clinical picture resembles those previously reported for perilymphatic fistula. The current literature on this topic has been reviewed in this article. CONCLUSION: The patient presented an early recovery, what corroborates the current tendency of waiting a few weeks before indicating surgery.

Fístula perilinfática: presentación de un caso con resolución espontánea en cinco días y revisión de la literatura / Perilymphatic fistula: report of a case which resolved spontaneously in five days and literature review

Objetivos. Se presenta un paciente con una fístula perilinfática y se revisa la literatura sobre esta patología. Caso clínico. Paciente de 50 años, con historia de vértigo intenso y continuo, asociado a náuseas, vómitos y sudación, que empezó tras un ruido brusco en el oído izquierdo. Los síntomas se resolvieron espontáneamente en cinco días, sin necesidad de tratamiento quirúrgico. El cuadro clínico fue compatible con fístula perilinfática, entidad controvertida en la literatura, que se ha revisado en este artículo. Conclusión. La recuperación precoz presentada por el enfermo refuerza la tendencia actual de esperar algunas semanas antes de la indicación de cirugía (AU)

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Multiple pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in developing rats: a long-term behavioral and electrophysiological study.

PURPOSE: Animal models are useful for the study of status epilepticus (SE)-induced epileptogenesis and neurological sequelae, especially during early brain development. Here, we show several permanent abnormalities in animals subjected to multiple SE during early development. METHODS: Wistar pup rats (7 to 9 days old) were subjected to three consecutive episodes of SE induced by systemic pilocarpine injections. To study the long-lasting consequences of early-induced SE. chronic electroencephalographic recordings were made from the hippocampus and cortex and several behavioral tests (inhibitory step-down avoidance, rota-rod, open field, elevated plus-maze, and Skinner box) were performed at postnatal days 30 to 90. We also investigated in vitro electrophysiological responses of the CA1 area using extracellular recordings in hippocampal slices. A histological analysis was done using cresyl violet staining 24 hours and several months after SE induction. Apoptotic cell death was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL staining) 24 hours after the last SE episode. RESULTS: Electroencephalographic recordings from 30- to 90-day-old rats that had been subjected to multiple SE episodes in early life showed marked changes compared with those from nontreated controls. These included frequent episodes of continuous complex spiking activity and high-voltage ictal discharges, with a small percentage of these rats presenting spontaneous behavioral seizures. These animals also presented evidence of severe cognitive deficit in adulthood. In vitro, a persistent hyperexcitability of the CA1 area was detected in experimental animals. Histological analysis of the brains did not reveal any major long-term pathological changes. Nevertheless, an increased number of TUNEL-positive nuclei were present in some animals in both the hippocampus and the thalamus. CONCLUSIONS: These data show persistent abnormalities in animals subjected to multiple SE episodes during early postnatal development. SE may result in important plastic changes in critical periods of brain maturation leading to long-lasting epileptogenesis, as manifested by electrographic epileptiform discharges, behavioral deficits, and in vitro hyperexcitability of hippocampal networks.