Lipid profile, functional capacity and ankle-brachial index in active older adults / Perfil lipídico, capacidade funcional e índice tornozelo-braquial em idosos ativos / Perfil lipídico, capacidad funcional e índice tobillo-braquial en adultos de la tercera edad activos

ABSTRACT Introduction: Regular physical activity prevents cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and atherosclerosis, in addition to improving lipid levels and functional capacity in older adults. Objective: To evaluate and compare the lipid levels, functional performance and ankle brachial index (ABI) of sedentary and active older adults. Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study with 84 elderly (≥60 years) male and female subjects, divided into two groups: sedentary group (SG, n = 50) and active group (AG, n = 34) according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Anthropometric and hemodynamic assessments, ankle brachial index (ABI) calculations, and functionality tests (Short Physical Performance Battery - SPPB and 6-minute walking test - 6MWT) were performed. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was also used, and we conducted the Student's-t and Mann-Whitney tests for the intergroup comparison. For the categorical data, we used Fisher's exact test (p <0.05). Results: Higher values of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (p = 0.001) and lower triglycerides (TG) (p = 0.007) were found in AG compared to SG. In the ABI evaluation, AG presented better right (p = 0.012), left (p = 0.015) and end (p = 0.004) ABI rates when compared to SG. AG had better results in functional performance in the SPPB evaluation (p = 0.0007) and in the 6MWT with a greater distance covered (p = 0.0027). In the anthropometric measurements, AG had lower body mass index (BMI) (0.041) and a smaller abdominal circumference (WC) (0.029). In terms of the incidence of referred diseases, intergroup results were only different for hypertension (0.029), while AG had a lower incidence of hypertension. Conclusion: Active older adults had better lipid levels, higher ABI levels, better functional performance, lower body mass, a smaller abdominal circumference, and lower incidence of hypertension, in comparison to sedentary subjects. Level of evidence I; High quality prospective study.

RESUMO Introdução: A prática de atividade física regular previne doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e aterosclerose, além de melhorar o perfil lipídico e a capacidade funcional em idosos. Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar o perfil lipídico, desempenho funcional e índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) de idosos sedentários e ativos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo comparativo e transversal com 84 idosos (≥ 60 anos) de ambos os sexos, divididos em dois grupos: grupo sedentário (GS, n= 50) e grupo ativo (GA, n= 34) segundo o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ). Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas, hemodinâmicas, índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) e testes de funcionalidade (Short Physical Performance Battery - SPPB e teste de caminhada de 6 minutos - TC6). Além disso, foi utilizado o teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk e na comparação entre os grupos utilizou-se o teste t-Student e o teste Mann-Whitney. Já para os dados categóricos, utilizou-se o teste exato de Fisher (p<0,05). Resultados: Foi verificado no GA valores maiores da lipoproteína de alta densidade (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-c) (p = 0,001) e menores de triglicerídeo (TG) (p = 0,007) quando comparados ao GS. Na avaliação ITB, observou-se que o GA apresentou melhores índices de ITB direito (p = 0,012), esquerdo (p = 0,015) e final (p = 0,004) quando comparado ao GS. Houve melhores resultados do GA no desempenho funcional na avaliação SPPB (p = 0,0007) e no TC6 com maior distância percorrida (p = 0,0027). Nas medidas antropométricas, o GA apresentou menor índice de massa corporal (IMC) (0,041) e circunferência abdominal (CA) (0,029). Na incidência das doenças referidas, apenas a hipertensão apresentou resultados diferentes entre os grupos (0,029), sendo que o GA teve menor incidência de hipertensão. Conclusão: Os idosos ativos apresentaram melhor perfil lipídico, maiores níveis de ITB, melhor desempenho funcional, além de menor massa corpórea, menor circunferência abdominal e menor incidência de hipertensão em comparação aos sedentários. Nível de evidência I; Estudo prospectivo de alta qualidade.

RESUMEN Introducción: La práctica de actividad física regular previene enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) y aterosclerosis, además de mejorar el perfil lipídico y la capacidad funcional en adultos de la tercera edad. Objetivo: Evaluar y comparar el perfil lipídico, desempeño funcional e índice tobillo-braquial (ITB) en adultos de la tercera edad sedentarios y activos. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio comparativo y transversal, con 84 adultos de la tercera edad (≥ 60 años) de ambos sexos, divididos en dos grupos: grupo sedentario (GS, n = 50) y grupo activo (GA, n = 34) según el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ). Fueron realizadas evaluaciones antropométricas, hemodinámicas, índice tobillo-braquial (ITB) y tests de funcionalidad (Short Physical Performance Battery - SPPB y Test de Caminata de 6 minutos - TC6). Además, se utilizó el test de normalidad Shapiro-Wilk y en la comparación entre los grupos se usó el test t-Student y el test Mann-Whitney. Ya para los datos categóricos se usó el test exacto de Fisher (p <0,05). Resultados: Se verificaron en el GA valores mayores de lipoproteína de alta densidad (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-c) (p = 0,001) y menores de triglicéridos (TG) (p = 0,007) cuando comparados al GS. En la evaluación ITB, se observó que el GA mostró mejores índices de ITB derecho (p = 0,012), izquierdo (p = 0,015) y final (p = 0,004) cuando comparado al GS. Hubo mejores resultados del GA en el desempeño funcional en la evaluación SPPB (p = 0,0007) y en el TC6 con mayor distancia recorrida (p = 0,0027). En las medidas antropométricas, el GA presentó menor índice de masa corporal (IMC) (0,041) y circunferencia abdominal (CA) (0.029). En la incidencia de las enfermedades referidas, sólo la hipertensión presentó resultados diferentes entre los grupos (0.029), siendo que el GA tuvo menor incidencia de hipertensión. Conclusión: Los adultos de la tercera edad activos presentaron mejor perfil lipídico, mayores niveles de ITB, mejor desempeño funcional, además de menor masa corpórea, menor circunferencia abdominal y menor incidencia de hipertensión en comparación a los sedentarios. Nivel de evidencia I; Estudio prospectivo de alta calidad.

Multicomponent training to improve the functional fitness and glycemic control of seniors with type 2 diabetes / Treinamento multicomponente melhora a aptidão funcional e controle glicêmico de idosos com diabetes tipo 2

ABSTRACT Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent disease in older adults and associated with functional impairment and abnormalities of the glycemic metabolism. Multicomponent training, which consists of strength, balance, coordination, gait, agility and proprioception exercises, is recommended to improve the physical function of the elderly, but its effects in the treatment of T2DM are not clear. The main goal was to investigate the effect of a multicomponent training protocol on functional and glycemic parameters in seniors with T2DM. Thirteen older adults (68±6 years) with T2DM were included. Before and after the intervention period, the following tests were performed: chair stand, arm curl, sit and reach, six-minute walk test (6MWT), fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C). The training program was conducted for 16 weeks, three times a week, on nonconsecutive days. Each session consisted of 10 minutes of warm-up, 50 minutes of multicomponent exercises (coordination, muscle strength, flexibility, balance and agility) and 10 minutes of stretching and relaxation. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test and the Wilcoxon test (p<0.05). Training induced an improvement in the arm curl (p = 0.001), sit and reach (p = 0.004), 6MWT (p = 0.009) and HbA1C (p = 0.01) tests. In conclusion, the multicomponent training protocol improved functional fitness and glycemic control in seniors with T2DM. However, fasting blood glucose levels and muscle strength of the lower limbs remained unchanged

RESUMO A diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) é uma doença prevalente em idosos e está associada à incapacidade funcional e anormalidades do metabolismo glicêmico. O treinamento multicomponente, composto por exercícios de força, equilíbrio, coordenação, marcha, agilidade e propriocepção, é recomendado para melhorar a função física de idosos, porém seus efeitos no tratamento da DM2 não estão claros. Objetivou-se investigar o efeito de um protocolo de treinamento multicomponente na aptidão funcional e parâmetros glicêmicos de idosos com DM2. Foram incluídos 13 idosos com DM2 e idade de 68 ± 6 anos. Antes e após o período de intervenção foram realizados os seguintes testes: chair stand, arm curl, sentar e alcançar, teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M), glicemia de jejum e hemoglobina glicada (HbA1C). O programa de treinamento foi realizado por 16 semanas, três vezes/semana, em dias não consecutivos. Cada sessão consistiu de 10 minutos de aquecimento, 50 minutos de exercícios multicomponentes (coordenação, força muscular, flexibilidade, equilíbrio e agilidade) e 10 minutos de alongamento e relaxamento. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o teste t pareado e teste de Wilcoxon (p<0,05). O treinamento induziu melhora nos testes arm curl (p = 0,001), sentar e alcançar (p = 0,004), TC6M (p = 0,009) e HbA1C (p = 0,01). Conclui-se que o protocolo de treinamento multicomponente promoveu melhora da aptidão funcional e do controle glicêmico em idosos com DM2. Entretanto, a glicemia de jejum e a força muscular de membros inferiores permaneceram inalteradas.

Growth of the lower spleen pole remaining after subtotal splenectomy in rats.

PURPOSE: To determine whether the lower pole of the spleen grows after subtotal splenectomy following ligature of major spleen blood vessels. METHODS: Thirty-nine Wistar rats (328.8 +/- 27.8 g) submitted to subtotal splenectomy with preservation of the lower splenic pole were divided into two groups: group 1 (control, n=20), immediate removal of the lower pole; group 2 (n=19), removal of the pole on postoperative day 80. The length, width and thickness of the pole were measured. In the control group, mean percent pole weight was calculated immediately after surgery in a direct and indirect manner. In the first case, the weight of the lower pole was divided by overall spleen weight; in the second case, pole weight was divided by the ideal weight of the spleen obtained by linear regression analysis. The results of the two calculations were compared. Macro- and microscopic examinations of the pole were performed. RESULTS: In group 1, no significant difference in mean percent pole weight was observed between the direct and indirect method. In group 2, mean percent pole weight obtained by indirect calculation on day 80 was higher than in group 1 (p<0.001). In group 2, mean length, width and thickness of the pole remnant increased from the first to the 80th day (p<0.05). Histological analysis showed preserved tissue architecture and features compatible with cell hyperplasia in group 2. CONCLUSION: The lower pole splenic remnant presented statistically significant growth up to postoperative day 80 after subtotal splenectomy, even after ligature of the major spleen vessels. Light microscopy revealed changes compatible with cell hyperplasia.

Growth of the lower spleen pole remaining after subtotal splenectomy in rats

PURPOSE: To determine whether the lower pole of the spleen grows after subtotal splenectomy following ligature of major spleen blood vessels. METHODS: Thirty-nine Wistar rats (328.8 ± 27.8 g) submitted to subtotal splenectomy with preservation of the lower splenic pole were divided into two groups: group 1 (control, n=20), immediate removal of the lower pole; group 2 (n=19), removal of the pole on postoperative day 80. The length, width and thickness of the pole were measured. In the control group, mean percent pole weight was calculated immediately after surgery in a direct and indirect manner. In the first case, the weight of the lower pole was divided by overall spleen weight; in the second case, pole weight was divided by the ideal weight of the spleen obtained by linear regression analysis. The results of the two calculations were compared. Macro- and microscopic examinations of the pole were performed. RESULTS: In group 1, no significant difference in mean percent pole weight was observed between the direct and indirect method. In group 2, mean percent pole weight obtained by indirect calculation on day 80 was higher than in group 1 (p<0.001). In group 2, mean length, width and thickness of the pole remnant increased from the first to the 80th day (p<0.05). Histological analysis showed preserved tissue architecture and features compatible with cell hyperplasia in group 2. CONCLUSION: The lower pole splenic remnant presented statistically significant growth up to postoperative day 80 after subtotal splenectomy, even after ligature of the major spleen vessels. Light microscopy revealed changes compatible with cell hyperplasia.

OBJETIVO: Verificar se o pólo inferior do baço cresce após a esplenectomia subtotal mesmo com a ligadura dos vasos esplênicos principais. MÉTODOS: 39 ratos, Wistar, pesando 328,8g ± 27,79 foram submetidos à esplenectomia subtotal com preservação do pólo inferior e distribuídos em dois grupos de acordo com a época da retirada do referido pólo: 1- controle (n=20)-retirada imediata; 2(n=19); retirada no 80º dia de pós-operatório. Foram medidos o comprimento, largura e espessura do pólo inferior. No grupo controle, o percentual médio do pólo inferior foi calculado imediatamente após a cirurgia de forma direta e indireta, e no grupo 2 de forma indireta. No cálculo direto dividiu-se o peso do pólo inferior pelo peso global do baço. No cálculo indireto dividiu-se o peso do pólo inferior pelo peso ideal do baço obtido por análise de regressão linear. Foi realizada a comparação entre esses dois cálculos. Foi realizado o exame macro e microscópico do pólo inferior. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significante entre o cálculo direto e indireto do percentual médio do pólo inferior no grupo 1. No grupo 2 o percentual médio do pólo inferior, por cálculo indireto, no 80º dia foi maior que no grupo 1 (p <0,001). A média do comprimento, largura e espessura desse remanescente no grupo 2 aumentou do 1º para o 80º dia( p<0,05). A análise histológica mostrou no grupo 2 manutenção da arquitetura esplênica e sinais compatíveis com hiperplasia celular. CONCLUSÃO: O pólo inferior do baço remanescente da esplenectomia subtotal, mesmo com a ligadura dos vasos esplênicos principais, apresentou média de crescimento significante no 80º dia de pós-operatório e à microscopia óptica de luz houve sinais compatíveis com hiperplasia celular.

O papel das mucinas gástricas na infecção por Helicobacter pylori / The role of gastric mucins in Helicobacter pylori infection

Mucinas são glicoproteínas, agentes protetores de mucosas e potenciais moléculas de adesão para microrganismo. A bactéria H. Pylori coloniza o muco gástrico e adere-se ao epitélio por meio de adesinas que reconhecem receptores nas células superficiais. As interações de adesina-receptor contribuem para a cronicidade na infecção, que está associada à patogênese de gastrite, doença péptica e câncer gástrico. MUC5AC e MUC6 são mucinas secretadas respectivamente no epitélio superficial/foveolar e nas glândulas da mucosa gástrica. MUC5AC vem sendo apontada como molécula receptora de H. Pylori, enquanto para MUC6 é atribuído papel na defesa contra o microrganismo. O conhecimento da expressão dessas mucinas na mucosa gástrica infectada por H. Pylori pode contribuir para a compreensão de aspectos de adesão e patogênese da infecção H. Pylori.

Topographic expression of MUC5AC and MUC6 in the gastric mucosa infected by Helicobacter pylori and in associated diseases.

We investigated the topographic expression of MUC5AC and MUC6 in relationship with gastric diseases. The immunoexpression of MUC5AC and MUC6 was evaluated in 75 adults presenting Helicobacter pylori gastritis (n = 22; 11 cagA positive), duodenal ulcer (DU, n = 11), gastric ulcer (GU, n = 9), gastric carcinoma (GC, n = 20), and normal mucosa (H. pylori negative, n = 13). Five gastric areas (antral and corporeal lesser and greater curvatures and incisura) were studied. H. pylori was detected by carbolfuchsin, urease, and culture; cagA was determined by PCR. All patients with DU (eight with GU and 13 with GC) were H. pylori-positive. In H. pylori gastritis, MUC5AC expression was higher in the antrum than in the corpus; no difference was observed with respect to cagA status. MUC5AC expression was higher in the antrum of gastritis than in DU, and it was lower in the incisura among GU patients compared to DU. MUC6 expression was higher in the antrum of H. pylori gastritis compared to DU and to uninfected patients. No difference was observed in the topographic pattern of expression of MUC5AC and MUC6 among GC cases. The topographic over- and under-expression of mucins in H. pylori-associated gastritis and peptic disease suggest a role for these mucins in the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection and associated diseases.

Lewis antigen expression in gastric mucosa of children: relationship with Helicobacter pylori infection.

OBJECTIVE: Lewis epithelial antigen expression has a role in Helicobacter pylori adherence, presumably mainly in cagA-positive strains. The authors investigated whether Lewis antigen expression in children's gastric mucosa was associated with H. pylori infection, cagA status, patient age, or presence of duodenal ulcer (DU). METHODS: The expression of Lewis A (Le(a)), B (Le(b)), X (Le(x)), and Y (Le(y)) was detected by immunohistochemistry in the antral and oxyntic mucosae of 70 children. Children were divided in four age groups (<4 years; 4-8 years; 9-12 years; and 13-18 years). RESULTS: Forty-seven of the 70 children had H. pylori and 17 had DU. The cagA status was determined by polymerase chain reaction in 34 patients. Le(a) and Le(b) were expressed in 64% and 44% of the patients, respectively; Le(x) and Le(y) were expressed in the glands in all of the patients and in the superficial epithelium. Le(b) expression was more common among patients without H. pylori (15/23, 65%) than in those with H. pylori (16/47, 34%) (P = 0.03). In noninfected patients, Le(b) and superficial Le(y) expression were associated with increased age. Le(b) expression was more common in patients with chronic gastritis than in those with DU. Le(x) superficial expression was significantly associated with DU in patients with H. pylori. CONCLUSION: In children, the expression of Le(b) and Le(y) in the superficial gastric epithelium depends on age. Other receptors, such as Le(x), may have a role in H. pylori colonization, especially in patients with DU. Studies assessing the expression of Lewis antigens in children may contribute to an understanding of the mechanisms of acquisition of H. pylori infection.

Como está a qualidade do preenchimento das declarações de óbito em Porto Alegre? / How is the quality of the filling up of death certificates in Porto Alegre

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a Declaraçlão de Óbito e refletir seu papel como fonte fidedigna de informações sobre vigilância à saúde.