Biofilm formation of Brazilian meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains: prevalence of biofilm determinants and clonal profiles.

Biofilms plays an important role in medical-device-related infections. This study aimed to determine the factors that influence adherence and biofilm production, as well as the relationship between strong biofilm production and genetic determinants in clinical isolates of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Fifteen strains carrying different chromosomal cassettes recovered from hospitalized patients were selected; five SCCmecII, five SCCmecIII and five SCCmecIV. The SCCmec type, agr group and the presence of the virulence genes (bbp, clfA, icaA, icaD, fnbB, bap, sasC and IS256) were assessed by PCR. PFGE and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) techniques were also performed. The initial adhesion and biofilm formation were examined by quantitative assays. The surface tension and hydrophobicity of the strains were measured by the contact angle technique to evaluate the association between these parameters and adhesion ability. SCCmecIII and IV strains were less hydrophilic, with a high value for the electron acceptor parameter and higher adhesion in comparison with SCCmecII strains. Only SCCmecIII strains could be characterized as strong biofilm producers. The PFGE showed five major pulsotypes (A-E); however, biofilm production was related to the dissemination of one specific PFGE clone (C) belonging to MLST ST239 (Brazilian epidemic clonal complex). The genes agrI, fnbB and IS256 in SCCmecIII strains were considered as genetic determinants associated with strong biofilm-formation by an ica-independent biofilm pathway. This study contributes to the understanding of biofilm production as an aggravating factor potentially involved in the persistence and severity of infections caused by multidrug-resistant MRSA belonging to this genotype.

Relationship between nasal colonization and ventilator-associated pneumonia and the role of the environment in transmission of Staphylococcus aureus in intensive care units.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the relationship between nasal colonization and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) by Staphylococcus aureus, as well the role of the environment in the transmission of this organism. METHODS: We performed a cohort study of patients with VAP caused by methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) or methicillin-sensitive S aureus during 2 years in an adult intensive care unit (ICU). All patients had nasal swab specimens obtained at admission and during the ICU stay. Clinical samples also were collected for analysis, as were samples from the hands of health care professionals and the environment, and were typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: S aureus VAP represented 12.5% of the cases, and statistical analysis identified colonization as a risk factor for the development of this infection. MRSA was isolated from the environment and hands, indicating the existence of a secondary reservoir. Molecular typing revealed a polyclonal profile; however, clone J was the most frequent (45.5%) among isolates of MRSA tested, with a greater profile of resistance than the other isolates. There was strong evidence suggesting transmission of MRSA to patients from the environment. CONCLUSION: Nasal colonization for S aureus is a risk factor for development of VAP.

Conventional versus molecular tests (Multiplex PCR and PCR mecA gene) for detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

In this study, for detection of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), a mecA multiplex PCR-based amplification was compared with the 1 µg oxacillin disk diffusion test, detection of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), and screening in agar with 4% NaCl and 6 µg/mL oxacillin. Among 24 isolates obtained from blood, mecA gene was detected in only 16 (66.7%) isolates by multiplex PCR. The MIC test showed a range of resistance to oxacillin from 0.19 to 512 µg/mL, among these isolates. Data obtained by screening and dilution tests showed that sensitivity to methicillin was 80.0% and 72.8%, respectively, when compared with the presence of mecA gene (multiplex). All isolates, including the negatives, when revaluated for mecA gene by PCR were positive. beta-lactamase production was positive for 20/25 isolates (80.0%). About » of patients died dispite most of them (83.3%) were adequately treated. The simultaneous identification of the bacteria and determination of this susceptibility to antibiotics are necessary for the choice of empiric antibiotic therapy in suspected staphylococcal sepse, but is important to considering the sensibility, specificity and validation of the available kits.

Nesse estudo, para detecção de S. aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA), a amplificação do gene mecA baseada no multiplex PCR foi comparada com os testes de difusão com disco para 1 µg/mL de oxacilina, detecção da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), meio de triagem com 4% de NaCl e 6 µg/mL de oxacilina. Na investigação de 24 isolados obtidos de sangue, o genótipo mecA foi detectado em apenas 16 (66,7%) dos isolados pelo multiplex PCR. A CIM apresentou valores variando de 0,19 a 512 µg/mL entre os isolados de MRSA. Os dados obtidos pelos testes de triagem e diluição em ágar apresentaram sensibilidades de 80,0% e 72,8% respectivamente, quando comparados com a presença do gene mecA (multiplex). Todos os isolados, incluindo os negativos, quando reavaliados com a técnica de PCR exclusivo para este gene, o resultado foi positivo. A produção de beta-lactamase foi positiva em 20/25 (80,0%) dos isolados. Cerca de » dos pacientes evoluiu para óbito apesar da maioria (83,3%) ter sido tratada adequadamente. A identificação simultânea da bactéria e sua susceptibilidade aos antibióticos é necessária para a escolha de uma terapia adequada para casos de sepse estafilocócica, mas é importante considerar a sensibilidade, especificidade e validação dos kits disponíveis.