Sleep in children from northeastern Brazil with congenital Zika syndrome: assessment using polysomnography.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: We performed this study to describe the characteristics of sleep in children with congenital Zika syndrome through polysomnographic assessment. METHODS: Polysomnography with neurological setup and capnography was performed. Respiratory events were scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine criteria. Children were classified based on neuroclinical examination as having corticospinal plus neuromuscular abnormalities or exclusively corticospinal abnormalities. Neuroradiological classification was based on imaging exams, with children classed as having supratentorial plus infratentorial abnormalities or exclusively supratentorial abnormalities. RESULTS: Of 65 children diagnosed with congenital Zika syndrome, sleep apnea was present in 23 children (35.4%), desaturation in 26 (40%), and snoring in 13 (20%). The most prevalent apnea type was central in 15 children (65.2%), followed by obstructive apnea in 5 (21.7%) and mixed type in 3 (13%). The average of the lowest saturation recorded was slightly below normal (89.1 ± 4.9%) and the mean partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide value was normal. Periodic leg movements were present in 48 of 65 children. Lower ferritin levels were observed in 84.6% of children. Palatine and pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) were small in most children and not associated with the presence of obstructive apnea. Ventriculomegaly and subcortical and nucleus calcification were the most frequent neuroimaging findings. Supratentorial and infratentorial anomalies were present in 26.7% (16 of 60) and exclusively supratentorial changes in 73.3% (44 of 60). In the neuroclinical classification, isolated corticospinal changes were more frequent and the mean peak in capnography was lower in this group. There was no difference regarding the presence of apnea for children in the neuroclinical and neuroradiological classification groups. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep disorders were frequent in children with congenital Zika syndrome, with central sleep apnea being the main finding. CITATION: Brandão Marquis V, de Oliveira Melo A, Pradella-Hallinan M, et al. Sleep in children from northeastern Brazil with congenital Zika syndrome: assessment using polysomnography. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(10):1759-1767.

Role of moxifloxacin-dexamethasone in cardiac histomorphometric findings among Wistar rats from infected mothers.

PURPOSE: To investigate cardiac changes in young rats, whose mothers underwent autogenic fecal peritonitis, during organogenesis phase and to evaluate the role of intravenous administration of moxifloxacin and dexamethasone in preventing infection-related cardiac changes. METHODS: A prospective histomorphometric study was performed on 29 hearts of Wistar four-month old rats. Animals were divided into three groups: Negative Control Group (NCG) included 9 subjects from healthy mothers; Positive Control Group (PCG) included 10 subjects from mothers with fecal peritonitis (intra-abdominal injection of 10% autogenic fecal suspension in the gestational period) and did not receive any treatment; and Intervention Group (IG), with 10 animals whose infected mothers received moxifloxacin and dexamethasone treatment 24 hours after induction of fecal peritonitis. RESULTS: Nuclear count was higher in the IG group as compared to PCG (p = 0.0016) and in NCG as compared to PCG (p = 0.0380). There was no significant difference in nuclear counts between NCG and IG. CONCLUSION: Induced autogenic fecal peritonitis in pregnant Wistar rats determined myocardial changes in young rats that could be avoided by the early administration of intravenous moxifloxacin and dexamethasone.

Role of moxifloxacin-dexamethasone in cardiac histomorphometric findings among Wistar rats from infected mothers

Abstract Purpose: To investigate cardiac changes in young rats, whose mothers underwent autogenic fecal peritonitis, during organogenesis phase and to evaluate the role of intravenous administration of moxifloxacin and dexamethasone in preventing infection-related cardiac changes. Methods: A prospective histomorphometric study was performed on 29 hearts of Wistar four-month old rats. Animals were divided into three groups: Negative Control Group (NCG) included 9 subjects from healthy mothers; Positive Control Group (PCG) included 10 subjects from mothers with fecal peritonitis (intra-abdominal injection of 10% autogenic fecal suspension in the gestational period) and did not receive any treatment; and Intervention Group (IG), with 10 animals whose infected mothers received moxifloxacin and dexamethasone treatment 24 hours after induction of fecal peritonitis. Results: Nuclear count was higher in the IG group as compared to PCG (p = 0.0016) and in NCG as compared to PCG (p = 0.0380). There was no significant difference in nuclear counts between NCG and IG. Conclusion: Induced autogenic fecal peritonitis in pregnant Wistar rats determined myocardial changes in young rats that could be avoided by the early administration of intravenous moxifloxacin and dexamethasone.

Bilateral vocal fold immobility: diagnosis and treatment.

UNLABELLED: Vocal fold immobility may be due to bilateral neurogenic paralysis, cricoarytenoid joint fixation, laryngeal synechiae, or posterior glottic stenosis. Treatment aims to establish a patent airway and preserve the function of the glottic sphincter and voice quality. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in cases of bilateral vocal fold immobility seen at our unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 35 patient registries at our unit with a diagnosis of bilateral vocal fold immobility; the etiology and treatment results were evaluated. RESULTS: Among the patients, 18 (51.4%) were cases of bilateral vocal fold palsy, and 17 (48,6%) were cases of posterior glottic stenosis. Patients with bilateral palsy underwent unilateral subtotal arytenoidectomy, and patients with stenosis were treated with the microtrapdoor flap technique, subtotal arytenoidectomy, and/or posterior cricoidotomy (Rethi). CONCLUSION: Bilateral vocal fold immobility is a potentially fatal condition; it is essential to differentiate vocal fold palsy from fixation to choose the appropriate treatment. Subtotal arytenoidectomy with microscopy is our surgery of choice for treating bilateral paralysis; the technique for treating stenosis depends on the amount of stenosis.

Bilateral vocal fold immobility: diagnosis and treatment / Imobilidade bilateral de pregas vocais: diagnóstico e tratamento

Vocal fold immobility may be due to bilateral neurogenic paralysis, cricoarytenoid joint fixation, laryngeal synechiae, or posterior glottic stenosis. Treatment aims to establish a patent airway and preserve the function of the glottic sphincter and voice quality. OBJETIVES: To analyze the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in cases of bilateral vocal fold immobility seen at our unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 35 patient registries at our unit with a diagnosis of bilateral vocal fold immobility; the etiology and treatment results were evaluated. RESULTS: Among the patients, 18 (51.4 percent) were cases of bilateral vocal fold palsy, and 17 (48,6 percent) were cases of posterior glottic stenosis. Patients with bilateral palsy underwent unilateral subtotal arytenoidectomy, and patients with stenosis were treated with the microtrapdoor flap technique, subtotal arytenoidectomy, and/or posterior cricoidotomy (Rethi). CONCLUSION: Bilateral vocal fold immobility is a potentially fatal condition; it is essential to differentiate vocal fold palsy from fixation to choose the appropriate treatment. Subtotal arytenoidectomy with microscopy is our surgery of choice for treating bilateral paralysis; the technique for treating stenosis depends on the amount of stenosis.

A Imobilidade Bilateral de Pregas Vocais pode ser decorrente de paralisia neurogênica bilateral, fixação de articulação cricoaritenoidea, sinequia laríngea ou estenose glótica posterior. O tratamento visa a restabelecer uma via aérea pérvia mantendo a função esfincteriana glótica e a qualidade vocal. OBJETIVOS: Analisar os métodos diagnósticos e terapêuticos dos casos de Imobilidade Bilateral de Prega Vocal atendidos em nosso serviço. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 35 prontuários de pacientes atendidos em nosso serviço com diagnóstico de Imobilidade Bilateral de Prega Vocal, sendo avaliados fatores etiológicos e resultados terapêuticos. RESULTADOS: Dentre os pacientes, 18 (51,4 por cento) eram casos de paralisia bilateral de pregas vocais e 17 (48,6 por cento), de estenose glótica posterior. Os pacientes com paralisia bilateral foram submetidos à aritenoidectomia subtotal unilateral e os com estenose, submetidos à "microtrapdoor flap", aritenoidectomia subtotal e/ou cricoidotomia posterior (Rethi). CONCLUSÃO: A imobilidade bilateral de prega vocal é um quadro potencialmente fatal e a diferenciação entre paralisia e fixação de pregas vocais é essencial para a escolha do método terapêutico. A aritenoidectomia subtotal, via microscópica, é nossa opção cirúrgica para o tratamento da paralisia bilateral e nas estenoses a escolha da técnica varia conforme o grau de estenose.

Anthropometric data as predictors of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity.

UNLABELLED: The Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome is a chronic disease characterized by episodes upper airway collapse, and has been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity. AIM: To correlate the neck, abdominal and pelvic circumference with the AHI and oxyhemoglobin saturation in OSA patients, and to correlate these values with disease severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective descriptive study of 82 patients evaluated complaints suggesting OSA, from July 2008 to March 2010. All patients underwent polysomnography, an ENT clinical exam, measures of the BMI, abdominal, pelvic, and cervical circumferences. The mean, standard deviations and Spearman's correlations were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean AHI in men was 39 events/hr; in women it was 21 events/hr in women. The mean neck circumference was 34. 5 cm in women and 41. 3 cm in men, the mean abdominal circumference was 94. 3 cm in women and 101. 5 cm in men, and the pelvic circumference was 105. 7 cm in men and 108. 7 cm in women. The neck circumference correlated more closely to the AHI in men (r = + 0. 389 p = 0. 001). The relationship between the abdominal circumference correlated more with AHI than with the BMI in men (AbC r = + 0. 358 p = 0. 003 BMI r = + 0. 321 p = 0. 009). CONCLUSIONS: The neck circumference is the best anthropometric measurement of respiratory disorder severity compared to the AbC or the BMI.

Anthropometric data as predictors of obstructive sleep apnea severity / Medidas antropométricas preditoras da gravidade da apneia obstrutiva do sono

The Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome is a chronic disease characterized by episodes upper airway collapse, and has been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity. AIM: To correlate the neck, abdominal and pelvic circumference with the AHI and oxyhemoglobin saturation in OSA patients, and to correlate these values with disease severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective descriptive study of 82 patients evaluated complaints suggesting OSA, from July 2008 to March 2010. All patients underwent polysomnography, an ENT clinical exam, measures of the BMI, abdominal, pelvic, and cervical circumferences. The mean, standard deviations and Spearman's correlations were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean AHI in men was 39 events/hr; in women it was 21 events/hr in women. The mean neck circumference was 34. 5 cm in women and 41. 3 cm in men, the mean abdominal circumference was 94. 3 cm in women and 101. 5 cm in men, and the pelvic circumference was 105. 7 cm in men and 108. 7 cm in women. The neck circumference correlated more closely to the AHI in men (r=+0. 389 p=0. 001). The relationship between the abdominal circumference correlated more with AHI than with the BMI in men (AbC r=+0. 358 p=0. 003 BMI r=+0. 321 p=0. 009). CONCLUSIONS: The neck circumference is the best anthropometric measurement of respiratory disorder severity compared to the AbC or the BMI.

Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono é uma doença crônica caracterizada por episódios de colapso da via aérea superior e está relacionada com aumento da morbidade cardiovascular. OBJETIVOS: Correlacionar a circunferência cervical, abdominal e pélvica com o índice de apneia e hipopneia e a saturação da oxi-hemoglobina de pacientes com Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo prospectivo com 82 pacientes com queixas sugestivas de SAOS avaliados de julho de 2008 a março de 2010. Os pacientes foram submetidos à polissonografia, medidas do IMC e medidas antropométricas. Realizado avaliação da relação entre as variáveis. RESULTADOS: IAH médio entre os homens foi de 39 eventos/hora e 21 nas mulheres. A medida da circunferência cervical média foi 34,5cm para mulheres e 41,3cm para os homens, a abdominal média foi 94,3cm nas mulheres e 101,5cm nos homens e a pélvica foi 105,7cm nos homens e 108,7cm nas mulheres. Circunferência cervical apresentou a maior correlação com o IAH entre homens (r=0,389 p=0,001). A circunferência abdominal tem uma relação mais próxima com o IAH do que o IMC nos homens (CAb r=0,358 p=0,003, IMC r=0,321 p=0,009). CONCLUSÃO: Circunferência cervical é o melhor preditor antropométrico avaliado da gravidade dos distúrbios respiratórios.

Estenoses laringotraqueais em crianças: evolução do tratamento cirúrgico / Laaryngotracheal stenosis in children: surgical treatment evolution

Introdução: O tratamento cirúrgico atual das estenoses laringotraqueais pediátricas inclui uma ampla variedade de procedimentos cirúrgicos, desde abordagem endoscópica até procedimentos mais extensos, como a reconstrução laringotraqueal e a ressecção cricotraqueal. Objetivo: Discutir as indicações e comparar as diferentes abordagens das estenoses laringotraqueais. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo demonstrando a experiência deste serviço no período de 1980 a 2008, no qual 49 casos foram tratados de acordo com grau e a localização da estenose. Trinta e dois casos foram submetidos à cirurgia endoscópica, 12 casos submetidos à reconstrução laringotraqueal, três casos de ressecção cricotraqueal e dois casos de rotary door flap. Resultados: Casos de estenose grau I e II apresentam bons resultados após cirurgia endoscópica enquanto casos grau III e IV necessitam de procedimentos externos. Na maioria dos casos foi necessária combinação de duas ou mais técnicas para obtenção dos resultados esperados.

Introduction: Nowadays, the surgical treatment of pediatric stenosis includes a variety of surgical procedures, from endoscopic approaches to more extensive procedures, such as laryngotracheal reconstruction and cricotracheal resection. Objective: To discuss the surgical indications and to compare the different approaches of laryngotracheal stenosis. Methods: A retrospective study was performed to demonstrate the experience of this institution from 1980 to 2008, in which 49 patients were treated according to the grade and site of the stenosis. Thirty-two patients underwent endoscopic surgery, 12 laryngotracheal reconstructions, 3 cricotracheal resections and 2 rotary door flaps. Results: Grade I and mild grade II stenosis had good results with endoscopic surgery, whereas more severe stenosis - grade II, grade III and IV - required more extensive procedures. In most patients, more than 2 procedures within the several types above related were necessary to reach the expected success.

Tratamento endoscópico do câncer de laringe com laser de CO2: 25 anos de experiência / Laser endoscopic microsurgery for the treatment of laryngeal carcinoma: 25-year experience

Introdução: o tratamento endoscópico do câncer laríngeo foi aprimorado desde o desenvolvimento do microscópico cirúrgico e do laser de CO2, que permitiram maior precisão diagnóstica e terapêutica. Objetivo: descrever a experiência de 25 anos de tratamento endoscópico do carcinoma laríngeo com laser de CO2 em nosso serviço. Métodos: Desenho do estudo: revisão retrospectiva; de 1979 a 2004, 188 pacientes com carcinoma laríngeo foram submetidos à microcirurgia com laser de CO2. Resultados: dos 188 pacientes, 172 apresentavam carcinoma glótico (29,07% Tis; 50,58% T1a; 4,07% T1b; 12,21% T2; e 4,07% T3) e 16, supraglótico (44% T1; 12% T2; e 44% T3). Nos casos de carcinoma glótico, realizaram-se cordectomias tipo I, II e III. Carcinomas glóticos T1 e T2 foram submetidos apenas à cirurgia endoscópica. Houve 13 casos de recorrência, sendo oito tratados com radioterapia, quatro com laringectomia parcial e um com total. Os carcinomas supraglóticos T1 e T2 foram submetidos a tratamento endoscópico. Todos os T3 apresentavam invasão do espaço pré-epiglótico e foram submetidos à laringectomia supraglótica com esvaziamento cervical. Conclusão: o tratamento endoscópico de carcinoma laríngeo com laser de CO2 é uma opção terapêutica eficiente para casos iniciais de carcinomas glótico e supraglótico, mantendo as funções locais, sem prejuízo dos resultados oncológicos.

Introduction: the endoscopic treatment of laryngeal cancer has improved with the development of the surgical microscopy and the CO2 laser, which have made possible more accurate diagnoses and therapies. Objectives: to report the 25-year experience in endoscopic treatment of laryngeal cancer with CO2 laser. Methods: Study design: retrospective review. From 1979 to 2004, 188 patients of our department with laryngeal cancer underwent CO2 laser microsurgery. Results: there were 172 patients with laryngeal glottic cancer (29.07% Tis, 50.58% T1a, 4.07% T1b, 12.21% T2, and 4.07% T3) and 16 patients with supraglottic cancer (44% T1, 12% T2, and 44% T3). Glottic tumors were treated either with type I, II or III cordectomies. T1 and T2 glottic tumors underwent sole endoscopic surgery. Thirteen of the 172 patients had local recurrence, eight underwent radiotherapy, four underwent partial laryngectomy, and one was submitted to total laryngectomy. T1 and T2 supraglottic tumors were submitted to microsurgery. All T3 supraglottic tumors had preepiglottic invasion and underwent supraglottectomy with neck dissection. Conclusion: endoscopic treatment for laryngeal cancer is an efficient therapy for early glottic and supraglottic cancers. This therapy makes the local function possible without prejudice to oncological results.

Autologous grafts for treatment of vocal sulcus and atrophy.

OBJECTIVES: To obtain complete glottal closure, and evaluate improvement of vocal fold vibration amplitude and vocal quality in patients with sulcus vocalis. METHODS: Autogenous fat and/or fascia augmentation was used in 34 patients with sulcus vocalis. Mean follow-up time was 1 year. The perceptual acoustic and phonatory functions and videolaryngostroboscopic data were evaluated before and after the procedure. RESULTS: Most of the individuals reported an improvement of vocal quality, a complete glottal closure, an enhancement of mucosal wave excursion, and significant results of acoustic perceptual and phonatory functions after the surgery. CONCLUSION: Fat and fascia injections are effective autogenous implants and should be considered options in the treatment of patients with sulcus vocalis and vocal fold atrophy.