ABSTRACT
Remifentanil is a synthetic opioid, first introduced into clinical practice in 1996. Its unique pharmacokinetic profile has resulted in a gradual increase in its popularity in paediatric anaesthesia. It is an opioid of high potency and rapid clearance, consequently lacking problems of accumulation. These characteristics give it a high degree of predictability and it has become an attractive choice for a wide variety of anaesthetic challenges, from premature neonates to the elderly. Neonates and infants have a higher clearance than older children and, as a result, remifentanil has additional benefits in this group. Remifentanil can be described as the only consistently predictable opioid in paediatric practice.
Subject(s)
Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology , Piperidines/pharmacology , Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacokinetics , Child , Hemodynamics/drug effects , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Neurosurgical Procedures , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Remifentanil , Respiratory System/drug effectsSubject(s)
Anesthesia, Inhalation/adverse effects , Anesthetics, Inhalation/adverse effects , Delirium/chemically induced , Delirium/epidemiology , Isoflurane/adverse effects , Methyl Ethers/adverse effects , Postoperative Complications/chemically induced , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Anesthesia Recovery Period , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Humans , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Research Design , Sample Size , SevofluraneABSTRACT
HPLC analysis of an anti-infective ophthalmic solution (Albalon-A), containing the active drugs naphazoline and antazoline, revealed a degradation peak of unknown identity. To elucidate the identity of the degradant, the active drugs were each hydrolyzed by refluxing at high pH, and their respective hydrolysis products were isolated and spectrally characterized by NMR, FT-IR, and MS for conclusive structure elucidation. The degradant's identity was confirmed by HPLC-MS analysis of Albalon-A ophthalmic solution to be the antazoline hydrolysis product N-[(N-benzylanilino)acetyl]ethylenediamine (IV). A stability-indicating HPLC method was then developed which was able to resolve IV from the active drugs. This HPLC method was then validated for quantitating the active drugs and IV. Validation studies demonstrated linear UV response at 280 nm, recovery > 98%, good reproducibility, and a detection limit of 2 micrograms/mL IV. Overall, the data demonstrated that the HPLC method was quantitative and specific for antazoline, naphazoline, and IV. Analysis of an expired stabilitry lot of the ophthalmic solution indicated the concentration of IV was 0.002% (w/v).
Subject(s)
Antazoline/analysis , Naphazoline/analysis , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drug Stability , Hydrolysis , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mass Spectrometry , Ophthalmic Solutions , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform InfraredSubject(s)
Anesthesia, General , Myotonic Dystrophy/complications , Adult , Female , Humans , Intubation, IntratrachealSubject(s)
Burns/physiopathology , Electrocardiography/methods , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , Adult , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
A specific assay for the analysis of benzalkonium chloride in the presence of interfering substances was conducted. The approach involved complexing benzalkonium chloride in an ophthalmic system with methyl orange, extraction of the complex into 1,2-dichloroethane, and subsequent analysis by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Since the method separates each homologue of benzalkonium chloride, homologues not resident in the ophthalmic system were added as internal standards to improve both recovery and precision in the method.
