ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyse the differences, with regard to socio-cultural characteristics and dietary habits, between low and high consumers of yoghurt and other fermented dairy product desserts, and the nutritional significance of these differences. METHODS: We analysed the diet of a healthy population (4-65 years), using the 24-hour recall method, on three non-consecutive days. The participants were grouped by age and sex and were also divided into tertiles on the basis of yoghurt consumption. We compared energy and nutrient intakes, educational level and socio-economic status in the low consumption (LC) group and the high consumption (HC) group. RESULTS: In general there were no significant differences in energy intake or nutritional profile between LC and HC groups. The only significant difference was in the percentage of energy provided by lipids, which was significantly lower in HC women, possibly due to the high number of women in this group who consumed low-fat yoghurt. There were significant differences in the distribution of HC and LC subjects according to the three educational levels but not according to socio-economic status. CONCLUSION: The fact of being a high consumer of fermented dairy products took place in the framework of other dietary changes that compensated for this high consumption, resulting in the absence of significant differences in energy intake and nutritional profile between HC and LC subjects. The only exception was found in women who consumed low-fat dairy products. There was a relationship between high consumption of fermented dairy products and educational level.
Subject(s)
Diet , Feeding Behavior , Yogurt , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Diet Surveys , Dietary Fats/administration & dosage , Educational Status , Energy Intake/physiology , Female , Fermentation , Humans , Male , Mental Recall , Middle Aged , Social Class , SpainABSTRACT
This study prospectively examined predicting factors and depressive antecedents of depression in early adulthood and determined differences by sex. 199 adolescents aged 11-12 from the general community were followed up annually for 4 years and reassessed at 18 years of age. Sociodemographic data, depressive symptomatology, anxiety level, personality dimensions, self-esteem, academic aptitude and pubertal development were reported throughout this period and tested as possible risk variables of depression. At 18, depression was diagnosed using ICD-10 criteria. Of the cases of major depression (MDD) at eighteen, 30% had been diagnosed as MDD between 12 and 14 years of age. Of the cases of MDD at eighteen, 80% had had depressive symptomatology between the ages of 11 and 14. Subclinical scores in the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) were early indicators of long-term risk. Gender differences were found in the risk pattern; depressive symptoms were more significant in girls than in boys. In boys, early anxious symptomatology was a significant predictor. This study reports cross-cultural data that support a continuity of depression from adolescence to young adulthood.
Subject(s)
Depression/diagnosis , Adolescent , Age Factors , Catchment Area, Health , Child , Depression/epidemiology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , International Classification of Diseases , Male , Prospective Studies , Puberty/physiology , Risk Factors , Spain/epidemiology , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To identify the food that has the greatest effect on the variation in the percentage of energy intake derived from fat and saturated fatty acids for the consumption of a Spanish population. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of food consumption, using the 24-hour recall method for three non-consecutive days, one of which was a non-working day. Subjects were interviewed by trained interviewers in the subjects' homes. We used multiple linear regression for statistical analysis. SETTING: The citizens of Reus. SUBJECTS: One thousand and sixty subjects over five years old, randomly selected from the population census of Reus. RESULTS: In both sexes, the foods that mainly determine a high consumption of fat are oil and red meat while those that determine a lower consumption of fat are bread, savoury cereals and fruit. The foods that mainly determine a high consumption of saturated fatty acids are red meat and whole-fat dairy products while those that determine a low consumption are bread, savoury cereals and fruit. CONCLUSIONS: In our population, feasible variations in the intake of some foods - less than one portion - would reduce the estimated percentage of energy intake derived from fat and saturated fatty acids by a quantity considered important for cardiovascular disease prevention. The periodic identification and quantification of the food that most affects the dietary fat profile will help in drawing up dietary guidelines with more reasonable strategies for consuming a healthier diet and decreasing the risk of developing nutritional disorders.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Dietary Fats/administration & dosage , Fatty Acids/administration & dosage , Food Analysis , Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dairy Products , Diet Surveys , Energy Intake , Female , Health Promotion , Humans , Male , Meat , Mental Recall , Middle Aged , Nutrition Policy , Regression Analysis , SpainABSTRACT
Fundamento: Conocer la evolución de la ingestión alimentaria y nutricional entre 1983 y 1999, según edad y sexo. Sujetos y métodos: Se han realizado análisis repetidos de la ingestión alimentaria mediante el método de recuerdo de 24 h, en una población representativa de la ciudad de Reus (10-69 años, ambas edades incluidas). En 1999 la muestra estudiada fue de 839 individuos, de los que un 41 por ciento participa desde 1983. Los valores se presentan como media (desviación estándar).Resultados: La ingestión energética en 1999 fue de 2.524 (582) kcal en los varones de 35-44 años (n = 57) y de 1.827 (490) kcal en las mujeres (n = 95) de la misma edad (p < 0,001). El aporte energético disminuye con la edad (tendencia significativa [p < 0,001] entre los 15- 69 años) y es mayor en los varones en todos los grupos de edad. Al comparar grupos de edad similares, se observa que dicho aporte no ha cambiado sustancialmente desde 1983. Entre 1983 y 1999 la contribución de los macronutrientes a la ingestión energética se ha ido haciendo cada vez más similar entre edades y sexos (en el grupo de 35-44 años de 1999, en los varones un 15,6 por ciento de la energía es aportado por proteínas, un 42 por ciento por los lípidos y un 42,5 por ciento por los glúcidos; en las mujeres, un 17,3 por ciento de la energía es aportado por proteínas, un 42,4 por ciento por lípidos y un 40,3 por ciento por glúcidos). Durante este período se observaron cambios destacables en la dieta que conllevan un aumento de la participación en la ingestión energética de derivados lácteos, carne y verduras, y una disminución significativa del papel de los tubérculos, los huevos y la grasa visible. Conclusiones: La población de Reus mantiene un aporte energético sin cambios significativos, y presenta una tendencia a la uniformización del porcentaje de energía aportado por los macronutrientes entre edades y sexos, aunque se produzcan cambios significativos de la dieta (AU)
