Characterization of goat colostrum oligosaccharides by nano-liquid chromatography on chip quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry.

A detailed qualitative and quantitative characterization of goat colostrum oligosaccharides (GCO) has been carried out for the first time. Defatted and deproteinized colostrum samples, previously treated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to remove lactose, were analyzed by nanoflow liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (Nano-LC-Chip-Q-TOF MS). Up to 78 oligosaccharides containing hexose, hexosamine, fucose, N-acetylneuraminic acid or N-glycolylneuraminic acid monomeric units were identified in the samples, some of them detected for the first time in goat colostra. As a second step, a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) methodology was developed for the separation and quantitation of the main GCO, both acidic and neutral carbohydrates. Among other experimental chromatographic conditions, mobile phase additives and column temperature were evaluated in terms of retention time, resolution, peak width and symmetry of target carbohydrates. Narrow peaks (wh: 0.2-0.6min) and good symmetry (As: 0.8-1.4) were obtained for GCO using an acetonitrile:water gradient with 0.1% ammonium hydroxide at 40°C. These conditions were selected to quantify the main oligosaccharides in goat colostrum samples. Values ranging from 140 to 315mgL(-1) for neutral oligosaccharides and from 83 to 251mgL(-1) for acidic oligosaccharides were found. The combination of both techniques resulted to be useful to achieve a comprehensive characterization of GCO.

Neumonía cavitada versus hernia diafragmática congénita / Cavitary pneumonia versus congenital diaphragmatic hernia

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Miocardiopatía dilatada e infarto de arteria cerebral media derecha / Dilated cardiomyopathy and right middle cerebral artery stroke

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Síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible: 5 casos relacionados con quimioterapia / Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: 5 chemotherapy related cases

El síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible, previamente conocido como leucoencefalopatía posterior reversible, es una entidad manifestada clínicamente por cefalea, disminución del nivel de conciencia, convulsiones y alteraciones visuales, y radiológicamente como edema cerebral, predominantemente de la sustancia blanca de regiones parietooccipitales en la resonancia magnética. Son múltiples las situaciones que pueden desencadenar el cuadro. Exponemos 5 casos de pacientes oncológicos, 4 de ellos con leucemia linfoblástica aguda, que desarrollaron el síndrome cuando se encontraban bajo tratamiento quimioterápico. Un diagnóstico precoz y un adecuado tratamiento de la hipertensión y las convulsiones son la base para evitar la aparición de secuelas en estos pacientes

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, previously known as Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome, is a clinical-radiological condition characterized by headache, altered mental functioning, seizures and visual alterations, with the magnetic resonance imaging showing cerebral edema, predominantly in the white matter with posterior distribution. Multiple clinical conditions can act as triggers. We present five oncology patients, four of them with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, receiving chemotherapy when they presented with this pathology. A prompt diagnosis, an appropriate therapy for hypertension, and a rapid control of the seizures are the keys to avoiding sequelae

[Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: 5 chemotherapy related cases]. / Síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible: 5 casos relacionados con quimioterapia.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, previously known as Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome, is a clinical-radiological condition characterized by headache, altered mental functioning, seizures and visual alterations, with the magnetic resonance imaging showing cerebral edema, predominantly in the white matter with posterior distribution. Multiple clinical conditions can act as triggers. We present five oncology patients, four of them with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, receiving chemotherapy when they presented with this pathology. A prompt diagnosis, an appropriate therapy for hypertension, and a rapid control of the seizures are the keys to avoiding sequelae.

Impact on reactor configuration on the performance of anaerobic MBRs: treatment of settled sewage in temperate climates.

The treatment efficiency and membrane performance of a granular and suspended growth anaerobic membrane bioreactor (G-AnMBR and AnMBR respectively) were compared and evaluated. Both anaerobic MBRs were operated in parallel during 250 days with low strength wastewater and under UK weather conditions. Both systems presented COD and BOD removal efficiencies of 80-95% and >90% respectively. Effluent BOD remained between 5 and 15 mgBOD L(-1) through the experimental period while effluent COD increased from 25 mg L(-1) to 75 mg L(-1) as temperature decreased from 25 °C to 10 °C respectively indicating the production of non biodegradable organics at lower temperatures. Although similar levels of low molecular weight organics were present in the sludge supernatant, recycling of the mixed liquor from the membrane tank to the bioreactor at a low upflow velocity enhanced interception of solids in the sludge bed of the G-AnMBR limiting the solid and colloidal load to the membrane as compared to the suspended system. Results from flux step test showed that critical flux increased from 4 to 13 L m(-2) h(-1) and from 3 to 5 L m(-2) h(-1) with gas sparging intensities varying from 0.007 m s(-1) to 0.041. Additional long term trials in which the effect of gas sparging rate and backwashing efficiency were assessed confirmed the lower fouling propensity of the G-AnMBR.

Comparison of bacterial pellets and microbial markers for the estimation of the microbial nitrogen and amino acids flows from single flow continuous culture fermenters fed diets containing two-stage olive cake.

The effects of using effluent bacteria (EB) and solid- (SAB) and liquid- (LAB) associated bacteria and diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) or purine bases (PB) and partially substituting alfalfa hay (AH) by a concentrate including olive cake on the microbial N flow (MNF) and amino acids (AA) flow were investigated with continuous culture fermenters fed AH and a mixture of AH and a concentrate containing barley grains and two-stage olive cake (2:1 ratio) without (AHCO) or with polyethylene glycol (PEG) (AHCOP). The MNF was not different among diets with SAB or LAB (p = 0.302 and 0.203, respectively) and DAPA, but differed with PB (p = 0.021 and 0.014, respectively). With EB both markers detected similar differences, AHCOP showing a higher value (p < 0.05) than AH and AHCO. The MNF was higher (p < 0.001) with PB than DAPA. Daily flow of non-essential AA was not different (p = 0.356) among diets but essential AA flow was higher (p < 0.05) for AH and AHCOP than for AHCO. The SAB presented lower (p < 0.05) total AA than LAB and higher total AA (p < 0.05) for diet AH than AHCO. The AA profile of EB was similar to that of LAB, but alanine and leucine were higher (p < 0.05) in EB than in LAB. Microbial contribution to AA flow was 45.4%, 55.6% and 58.1% for diets AH, AHCO and AHCOP respectively. With both markers, microbial AA flow was higher (p < 0.05) for diet AHCOP compared with AH (451 and 355 mg/day, respectively), but not different (p > 0.05) for AHCOP and AHCO (389 mg/day). The results would indicate that olive cake could be used in the practical feeding of small ruminants without negatively affecting microbial AA N supply.

Fermentation characteristics and microbial growth promoted by diets including two-phase olive cake in continuous fermenters.

Two-phase olive cake (2POC) is the by-product obtained from the so called 'two-phase' procedure to extract olive oil by mechanical methods. After the mechanical extraction the 2POC is dried and most of the remaining oil extracted by chemical means. The production of the crude by-product may reach more than 4 millions t/year in Spain (MAPA, 2003), most of it in areas (Southeast) with shortage of pastures and conventional feeds for ruminants. Six continuous fermenters, inoculated with ruminal liquor from wethers or goats, were fed lucerne hay (LH); LH plus a concentrate including dried two-phase olive cake (LHCO) and; diet LHCO added with polyethylene glycol (LHCOP). The highest pH values and ammonia N (NH(3)-N) output were found in fermenters fed diet LH (6.19 and 6.35 for pH, and 53.7 and 68.9 mg NH(3)N/day, respectively, in fermentes inoculated with rumen liquor from sheep and goats) without differences due to the inoculum origin. The digestibility of carbohydrates (CHO) was affected (p < 0.001) by inoculum (67.0 and 58.8%, respectively, for goats and wethers) the lowest values being for diet LHCO (53.2 and 57.0% with inoculum from wethers and goats, respectively). The main volatile fatty acid (VFA) was acetic acid with higher (p < 0.01) values in fermenters with inoculum from goats than from wethers (80.2 and 63.0 mmol/day respectively). The efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis (EBS) was not different (p > 0.05) with inoculum from wethers and goats [26.4 and 28.1 and 35.2 and 33.5 g bacterial N/kg digested CHO, respectively, obtained by using diamino pimelic acid (DAPA) and purine bases (PB) as microbial markers]. The lowest (p < 0.05) values were found in fermenters fed diets LHCOP and LH, estimated, respectively, from DAPA and PB (21.9 and 29.0 g bacterial N/kg digested CHO). The substitution of a part of lucerne hay by a concentrate including dried 2POC does not seem to cause important differences in efficiency of VFA production. Results concerning bacterial protein synthesis are not so clear since values estimated from DAPA and PB did not show similar trends. Neither inoculum origin nor PEG had important effects on fermentation characteristics. The DAPA could be an adequate marker in continuous fermenters, with comparative purposes, as protozoa are not present and, estimated protein synthesis values are similar to those obtained in vivo with similar diets using urinary excretion of PD (Yáñez Ruiz et al., 2004b). Further research is needed to state the optimal proportion of 2POC in practical diets for ruminants at both maintenance and production stages.

Exploración funcional pulmonar en pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar / Lung function testing in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension

Objetivo: El objetivo principal es la descripción de los hallazgos funcionales respiratorios en una serie de 120 pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP), y el objetivo secundario es su comparación con los datos hemodinámicos. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de la función pulmonar de los 120 casos con HAP estable, de los grupos 1 y 4 de Evian/Venecia, estudiados hasta enero de 2002 en el grupo de trabajo de Hipertensión Pulmonar y Trasplante de Pulmón del Servicio de Cardiología del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid. Los datos de 47 pacientes se recogieron retrospectivamente desde 1981 a 1995, y de forma prospectiva en los 73 restantes. Se incluyeron casos de hipertensión arterial idiopática y de la asociada a colagenosis, tromboembolia pulmonar crónica, shunt cardíaco y, en 30 casos, a síndrome de aceite tóxico (SAT). Resultados: En el conjunto del grupo la capacidad vital, el volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo y la capacidad pulmonar total fueron normales; los valores medios mostraron un factor de transferencia bajo (media ± desviación estándar: 67,6 ± 23,2), e hipoxemia moderada (65,8 ± 15,4 mmHg). No se observaron asociaciones significativas entre los parámetros funcionales pulmonares y los hemodinámicos. El grupo con SAT tenía la edad más baja (33,7 ± 11,4 años), junto a los valores medios más altos en la escala de la New York Heart Association (3,3 ± 0,5) y de resistencias vasculares pulmonares (20,3 ± 8,1 kPa·l­-1·s). Conclusiones: En este trabajo se estudia la función pulmonar en una serie de 120 pacientes con HAP, de los grupos 1 y 4 de Evian/Venecia, entre los que se incluyó a 30 casos con SAT. No se han encontrado asociaciones significativas entre los valores funcionales respiratorios y los hemodinámicos

Objective: The main objective was to describe the results of lung function testing in a series of 120 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, and the secondary objective was to compare these findings with hemodynamic variables. Patients and Methods: This was a descriptive study of lung function in 120 patients with stable pulmonary arterial hypertension (Evian/Venice groups 1 and 4) studied until January 2002 in the Pulmonary Hypertension and Lung Transplant Working Group attached to the Cardiology Department of the Hospital Universtario 12 de Octubre in Madrid, Spain. Data were collected retrospectively for the first 47 patients (1981 to 1995) and prospectively thereafter for the remaining 73 patients. The diagnosis was idiopathic arterial hypertension or hypertension associated with collagenosis, chronic pulmonary embolism, cardiac shunt, or toxic oil syndrome (30 cases). Results: In the group as a whole, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and total lung capacity were normal; mean (SD) values revealed low carbon dioxide diffusing capacity (67.6% [23.2%]), and moderate hypoxemia (65.8 [15.4] mm Hg). No significant associations were observed between lung function and hemodynamic parameters. Mean age in the toxic oil syndrome group was lower (33.7 [11.4] years), and these patients had higher mean scores on the New York Heart Association scale (3.3 [0.5]) and for pulmonary vascular resistance (20.3 [8.1] kPa·L-­1·s). Conclusions: Lung function was studied in a series of 120 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (Evian/ Venice groups 1 and 4), 30 of whom had toxic oil syndrome. No significant associations were found between lung function and hemodynamic parameters

[Diseases diagnosed at a pneumology unit integrated with its health area. Comparison with historical controls]. / Patología diagnosticada en una unidad neumológica integrada con su área de salud. Comparación con controles históricos.

An understanding of changes in pulmonology disease patterns observed at a general hospital before and after implantation of a population-based model of health care not only provides useful insight into the diseases treated but also aids adjustment of health care service organization. The aim of this study was to compare data collected after 1992 (when the new system was established) with records kept by the same pulmonology group in earlier years (1974-1986). Data after 1992 described patients attended in Health District 11 by the newly organized pneumologists. For the two periods the most common pneumological diagnoses were chronic air flow obstruction and chronic hypersecretory bronchitis. The most common non pneumological diagnoses were systemic arterial hypertension, obesity, diabetes, liver disease and hiatus hernia/gastroesophageal reflux. The prospective study covered a larger population and was closer to primary care, including as it did patients at clinics unattached to hospitals. In the earlier hospital-based experience the most common diagnoses were acute respiratory infection, chronic air flow obstruction and asthma, apart from those patients referred in whom no respiratory disease was found. With the organizational integration of hospital and health district pulmonology service, contact between patients and specialists has increased. Record systems have been established for a well-defined population to permit better forecasting at less cost and facilitate contact with primary care givers and epidemiological studies.