Methods of alignment in total knee arthroplasty, systematic review.

Introduction: Although total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a very frequent surgery, one in five patients is not completely satisfied. Mechanical alignment (MA) is the most popular technique for implanting TKA. However, to improve clinical outcomes, new techniques that aim to rebuild the native alignment of the knee have been developed. Objective: The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review of the available clinical trials and observational studies comparing clinical and radiological outcomes of different methods of alignment (kinematic, anatomic, functional) to MA. Methods: A systematic review is performed comparing results of patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) questionnaires (WOMAC, OKS, KSS, KOOS, FJS), radiological angles (HKA, mLDFA, MPTA, JLOA, femoral rotation and tibial slope) and range of motion (ROM). Results: Kinematic and functional alignment show a slight tendency to obtain better PROMs compared to mechanical alignment. Complication rates were not significantly different between groups. Nevertheless, these results are not consistent in every study. Anatomic alignment showed no significant differences compared to mechanical alignment. Conclusion: Kinematic alignment is an equal or slightly better alternative than mechanical alignment for patients included in this study. However, the difference between methods does not seem to be enough to explain the high percentage of dissatisfied patients. Studies implementing lax inclusion and exclusion criteria would be needed to resemble conditions of patients assisted in daily surgical practice. It would be interesting to study patient's knee phenotypes, to notice if any method of alignment is significantly better for any constitutional deviation.

An isolated bioinductive repair vs. sutured repair for full-thickness rotator cuff tears: 2-year results of a double blinded, randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Partial-thickness rotator cuff tears treated with an isolated bioinductive repair (IBR) in lieu of a completion-and-repair have shown complete healing. This treatment option is afforded by the remaining tendon's structural integrity, which is similar to that present in small/medium full-thickness tears (FTTs) when the rotator cable remains intact. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) investigated whether an IBR for small/medium FTTs resulted in superior healing and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) compared with a sutured repair. METHODS: This prospective, double blinded (patients and outcome assessors), single-center RCT enrolled patients ≥18 years with a small/medium (≤2.5cm) full thickness supraspinatus tear and intact rotator cable. Patients were randomized and blinded to arthroscopic transosseous-equivalent repair (control, n = 30) or IBR (n = 30). The primary outcome was tendon quality on biopsy at 6 months. Secondary outcomes were PROs (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons [ASES], Constant-Murley Shoulder [CMS], and pain visual analogue scale scores) and tendon thickness and healing measured via MRI at 6, 12, and 24 months; satisfaction at 12 and 24 months; and time to return to work. RESULTS: Baseline demographic, tear, and surgical characteristics were comparable between the groups (IBR: mean age, 54.2 years, 14 male; control: mean age, 56.4 years, 16 male). Measured via 6 month biopsy, highly organized, parallel bundles of collagen, without inflammation, were present in all IBR patients, whereas poorly organized, non-parallel collagen fibers were present in 24/30 (80%) of control patients (P < .0001), with 28/30 having minimal to mild inflammation. The increase in tendon thickness measured via MRI at 6 months from baseline was greater in the IBR group (2.0 mm) than in the control group (0.8 mm) (P < .0001). All IBR patients had 100% healing on MRI at 12 and 24 months. Compared with the control group, the IBR group had higher ASES and CMS scores at each evaluation, less pain at 6 and 12 months, and greater satisfaction at 12 and 24 months (P < .0003). The IBR group returned to work significantly faster (median 90 days [IQR, 25] vs. median 163.5 days [IQR, 24]; P < .0001) than the control group. CONCLUSION: Compared with a sutured repair, the IBR treatment resulted in superior tendon quality, patient outcomes, satisfaction, and return to work. The IBR enabled a robust healing response evident through MRI and biopsy evaluation, demonstrating superior tendon quality and healing.

Postoperative limb alignment in total knee replacement. Conventional versus navigated versus robotic techniques.

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to compare the coronal mechanical axis after total knee replacement (TKR) obtained in three groups of patients subjected to conventional, navigated, and robotic surgery. METHODS: Retrospective analysis. RESULTS: 124 knees were included (36 conventional, 41 navigated, 47 robotic). No statistically significant differences were found between the postOp tibiofemoral angle of the conventional, navigated and robotic groups (p = 0.396). A repeated-measure analysis of preOp-to-postOp also found no significant differences (p = 0.387). There were no differences in the proportion of outliers (3-degree) found (p = 0.211). Nevertheless, a higher proportion of patients in the robotic group improved their mechanical alignment, as compared with conventional surgery (p = 0.023), although no differences were found when comparing with navigation (p = 0.121). CONCLUSIONS: No statistically significant differences were found with respect to the postOp alignment achieved. However, statistically significant differences were detected between robotic and conventional surgery when considering the percentage of patients with improved limb alignment.

Bioinductive collagen implants facilitate tendon regeneration in rotator cuff tears.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes, MRI imaging and histological characteristics of biopsy samples of the tendon from patients in whom rotator cuff repair was previously performed with a bioinductive type I bovine collagen implants. METHODS: Prospective study of 30 patients with partial or complete rotator cuff tears who underwent arthroscopic repair and augmentation with a resorbable type I bovine collagen implant. Preoperatively and at 6 and 12 months after surgery, the VAS, ASES and Constant-Murley scores were evaluated and an MRI study was performed. At 6 months, biopsies of the resulting tissue were obtained and examined histologically. RESULTS: Patients experienced statistically significant and sustained improvement from baseline for all scores and the mean tendon thickness increased by 1.84 mm. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of complete healing was found in 27 patients and a considerable reduction in defect size, greater than 50%, was shown in 3. In all samples obtained, the new tissue generated had the histological appearance of a tendon, and was indistinguishable from the native tendon. There was no evidence of any remaining collagen implant. CONCLUSIONS: Biopsies of tissue formed from bioinductive type I bovine collagen implants showed, six months after surgery, the generation of a neotendon indistinguishable from the native one. Histology and MRI imaging, revealed complete integration of the implant and absence of inflammatory or foreign body reactions. The clinical parameters, thickness and MRI signal of the tendon improved significantly at 6 months, regardless of the type and size of the tear, and remained unchanged until 12 months. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, case series.

Factors of presenting an acute confusional syndrome after a hip fracture.

INTRODUCTION: Acute confusional syndrome (ACS) is a geriatric syndrome that manifests itself with changes in cognition, attention, underactive or hyperactive motor response, and fluctuation in the level of consciousness after trauma, hospitalisation or surgery. The objective is to know the risk factors and prevention of acute confusional syndrome in the elderly with hip fractures (HF) . METHODS: Prospective observational cohort study. The inclusion criteria was to be age ≥ 65 and HF operated under selective spinal anesthetic (bupivacaine ≤ 7 mg + fentanyl 10-15 .mu.g) without benzodiazepine, ketamine or propofol. The potential risk factors of ACS were recorded: demographic variables, fracture type, Charlson index, ASA risk, performance of a peripheral nerve block (PNB), and scale scores: Barthel, Fried, Pfeifer, RCMS, MNA and VAS. ACS was diagnosed by the CAM questionnaire. The risk factors were estimated by binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 133 patients included, 60 (45.11%) developed preoperative ACS, and 25 developed (18.8%) postoperative ACS. Having identified cognitive impairment with ≥ 3 points on the RCMS (OR 11.04 [ 95% ic: 1.3 - 89.1], p <0.001) or Pfeiffer (OR 6.94 [95% ic: 1.07 - 44.69], p <0.0 41) was a risk factor of ACS. Among patients with cognitive impairment or dementia, the increase of surgical delay (OR 1.95 [ 95% CI: 1.2 -2.91], p <0.001) was associated with the increased likelihood of presenting perioperative ACS, while performing a perioperative PNB decreased the likelihood of presenting perioperative ACS (without PNB: 43.8%, with PNB: 4.7%, OR 0.3 [0.2 to 0.43], p <0.001). CONCLUSION: Identifying patients with HF and cognitive impairment using RCMS or the Pfeiffer test and performing HF surgery within 36 h administering perioperative PNB could reduce the incidence of ACS.

Osteosynthesis in Vancouver type B1 periprosthetic fractures.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of hip periprosthetic fractures (PPF) has been increasing in recent years. In Vancouver type B1 there are several osteosynthesis options. The aim of this paper is to assess both the treatment and results of Vancouver type B1 PPF in patients operated at our centre. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An observational retrospective study of patients operated at Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet for type B1 PPF via osteosynthesis with plate between January 2014 and March 2017. Such details were documented and analysed as type of implant used for fixation, patient demographics, complications, time to union and function score using the Harris Hip Score. The minimum follow up was 2 years. RESULTS: Overall, 37 patients (21 women)  were available for review with a mean age of 80.7 years (range 54-99). 8 of these patients died, with an average age of 85.6 (83-95). Out of these 8 dead patients, 4 died in the first year, with an average age of 87 (83-95). 19 fractures had cemented stems whereas 18 were uncemented. According to prosthesis type, 8 had a cemented partial arthroplasty, 11 a cemented total hip arthroplasty (THA), 18 a non-cemented THA; with an average period until PPF of 2.5 years (0.2-5.6), 7 years (0.09-18.1) and 8.1 years (2.6-12.7) respectively. Devises used for stabilisation of the fracture included 27 Cable-Ready® plates (Zimmer-Biomet), 5 Dall-Miles® plates (Stryker) and 5 femur NCB® plates (Zimmer-Biomet). Complications included 5 acute superficial infections of surgical wound, 1 chronic infection, 5 pressure ulcers (4 sacral, 1 heel), 7 patients required intra-operational blood transfusion. The mean time to union was 10.35 weeks (range 6-13). The mean Harris Hip Score postoperatively was 65 (44-95). DISCUSSION: Treatment via open reduction and internal fixation with locked lateral plate covering most of the femur in elderly patients or those with poor bone quality, or a plate with proximal cerclages and distal screws in patients with better bone quality are appropriate treatment methods. To achieve good results using these techniques, we consider minimisation of soft tissue dissection highly important likewise using a meticulous osteosynthesis technique with special attention to biology and biomechanics.

[Transfusion trend in total hip arthroplasty following the implementation of a Patient Blood Management protocol.] / Tendencia transfusional en la artroplastia total de cadera tras la implantación de un protocolo de "Patient Blood Management".

Introduction: Total hip arthroplasty is a successful and safe surgical procedure, but it involves an associated blood loss. When this surgery is carried out on a scheduled basis, the implantation of a multimodal approach of Patient Blood Management (PBM) will significantly reduce transfusion needs. Objective: To present the clinical-analytical results and the transfusion incidence after the implantation of a PBM protocol in those patients who are going to undergo prosthetic hip surgery. Materials and methods: Restrospective, unicentric, observational and analytical study, among those patients undergoing primary elective hip arthroplasty between January 2017 and February 2019. In all of them, a PBM protocol has been applied, focused on the development of an optimization program of preoperative anemia, the use of topical tranexamic acid and the adoption of a restrictive transfusion policy. Results: The study included a total of 384 patients, where only 9 required allogeneic blood transfusion (transfusion rate: 2.34%). In the analysis of transfused patients, they were found to have a longer hospital stay (8 ± 2.9 Vs 5.3 ± 2.9 days; p = 0.007) and a higher rate of complications (22.2% vs. 3, 9%; p = 0.017), with respect to those who avoided the TSA. Conclusion: The application of an adequate multimodal protocol of PBM, brings us closer to the utopia of bloodless surgery in prosthetic surgery, resulting in a cost-effective model that significantly reduces the TSA in primary hip arthroplasty.

Introducción: La artroplastia total de cadera es un procedimiento quirúrgico exitoso y seguro, pero que conlleva una inherente perdida sanguínea asociada. Cuando esta cirugía se lleva a cabo de forma programada, la implantación de un abordaje multimodal de Patient Blood Management (PBM), permitirá reducir significativamente las necesidades transfusionales. Objetivo: Presentar los resultados clínico-analíticos y la incidencia transfusional tras la implantación de un protocolo de PBM en aquellos pacientes que van a someterse a una cirugía protésica de cadera. Materiales y métodos: Estudio restrospectivo, unicentrico, observacional y analítico, entre aquellos pacientes sometidos a una artroplastia primaria de cadera electiva entre enero de 2017 y Febrero de 2019. En todos ellos, se ha aplicado un protocolo de PBM, centrado en el desarrollo de un programa de optimización de la anemia preoperatoria, la utilización de ácido tranexámico tópico y la adopción de una política transfusional restrictiva. Resultados: El estudio incluyó un total de 384 pacientes, donde únicamente 9 precisaron transfusión de sangre alogénica (Tasa transfusional: 2,34%). En el análisis de los pacientes transfundidos, se encontró que presentaban una mayor estancia hospitalaria (8 ±2,9 Vs 5,3 ±2,9 días; p=0,007) y un mayor índice de complicaciones (22,2% vs 3,9%; p=0,017), respecto a aquellos que eludieron la TSA. Conclusión: La aplicación de un adecuado protocolo multimodal de PBM, nos acerca a la utopía de una cirugía sin sangre en la cirugía protésica, resultando un modelo costo-efectivo que permite reducir de forma significativa la TSA en la artroplastia primaria de cadera.

Effective surgical solution to a complete rupture of the pectoralis major. / [Eficaz solución quirúrgica a una rotura completa del pectoral mayor.]

Background: The rupture of the pectoralis major muscle is rare, occurring typically in young male athletes. When the break is complete and the patient active, surgical treatment is the choice. Clinical case: 48-year-old man with severe pain in left shoulder after lifting weights. He presents impotence to adduction and internal rotation of the shoulder with thinning of the axillary fold. MRI confirms the diagnosis of complete rupture of the pectoralis major. Surgical treatment was decided, performing a deltopectoral approach and reinserting the pectoralis major tendon with three cortical buttons. Conclusion: The rupture of the pectoralis major is a typical lesion of active young patients with an increasing incidence. Although there have been no significant differences between the different repair options, in our experience the use of cortical buttons provides very satisfactory results.

Antecedentes: La rotura del músculo pectoral mayor es una entidad poco frecuente, aconteciendo típicamente en varones jóvenes deportistas. Cuando la rotura es completa y el paciente activo, el tratamiento quirúrgico es de elección. Caso clínico: Varón de 48 años con dolor intenso en hombro izquierdo tras levantamiento de pesas. A la exploración, impotencia a la aducción y rotación interna del hombro con adelgazamiento del pliegue axilar. La RMN confirma el diagnóstico de rotura completa del pectoral mayor. Se decide tratamiento quirúrgico, realizando un abordaje deltopectoral y reinsertando el tendón del pectoral mayor con tres dispositivos de anclaje endocortical. Conclusión: La rotura del pectoral mayor es una lesión típica de pacientes jóvenes activos con una incidencia creciente. Aunque no se han evidenciado diferencias significativas entre las distintas opciones de reparación, en nuestra experiencia la utilización de dispositivos de anclaje endocortical aporta unos resultados muy satisfactorios.

[Quantitative assessment of the loss of functionality associated with the appearance of complications in osteosynthesis of proximal humerus fractures.] / Valoración cuantitativa de la pérdida de funcionalidad asociada a la aparición de complicaciones en osteosíntesis de fracturas de húmero proximal.

Objetive: To evaluate the relationship between incidence of complications and clinico-functional outcomes, after fractures of the proximal humerus treated with locking plates. Material and Methods: Our study reviewed 47 patients who underwent internal fixation with plate for a period of 5 years. We present the clinico-functional outcomes with Constant-Murley and Quick-Dash scores, and cinematic analysis. Statistical analysis of the relationship complication-functional results and new surgery-functional results. Results: At the end of the follow-up period, a total of 47 patients were recollected and the mean age was 74,85 years. 11 patients (23,4%) had complications, of whom 6 patients (12,7%) needed a new surgery. The complication rate is associated with loss of 65,41º of flexion, 14,49º of extension, 36,71º of abduction, 8,84º of aduction, 5,47º of external rotation and 30,82º of internal rotation. Furthermore, we found statistically significant differences between the incidence of complications and Constant-Murley and Quick Dash scores. Conclusion: There is a high percentage of patients who developes complications after ORIF with and its functionality is significantly reduced. Our study accurately quantifies this loss and, in this way, it predicts the functional situation, according to the possible complicactions that may arise.

Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre la incidencia de complicaciones y los resultados clínico-funcionales, tras el tratamiento de las fracturas de húmero proximal mediante osteosíntesis con placa bloqueada. Material y método: Nuestro estudio revisa 47 pacientes intervenidos mediante osteosíntesis con placa en un periodo de 5 años. Presentamos los resultados clínico-funcionales con las escalas de Constant-Murley y Quick Dash, y con un análisis cinemático. Análisis estadístico de las relaciones complicación-resultados funcionales y reintervención-resultados funcionales. Resultados: Al final del seguimiento, fueron recogidos un total de 47 pacientes, con una edad media de 74,85 años. 11 pacientes (23,4%) tuvieron complicaciones, de los cuales 6 pacientes (12,7%) precisaron ser reintervenidos. La aparición de complicaciones se asoció a una pérdida de 65,41º de flexión, 14,49º de extensión, 36,71º de abducción, 8,84º de aducción, 5,47º de rotación externa y 30,82º de rotación interna. Además, se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa entre el desarrollo de complicaciones y las escalas Constant-Murley y Quick Dash. Conclusiones: Existe un porcentaje elevado de pacientes que desarrollan complicaciones tras RAFI con placa, los cuales ven disminuida su funcionalidad de forma notable. Nuestro estudio cuantifica de forma exacta ésta pérdida y, de esta manera, predice la situación funcional, según las eventuales complicaciones que puedan aparecer.

Metaphyseal sleeves as the primary implant for the management of bone defects in total knee arthroplasty after post-traumatic knee arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Implantation of a prosthesis after post-traumatic knee arthritis poses challenges derived from the bone defects and soft tissue damage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological results of the use of metaphyseal sleeves in primary total knee arthroplasty surgery after post-traumatic arthritis. METHODS: Clinical and radiological results of 25 patients undergoing surgery for post-traumatic knee arthritis were prospectively evaluated. A semi-constrained, mobile platform prosthesis with metaphyseal sleeves was implanted. American Knee Society scales, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and the Short Form 12 Health Survey were used. Patients were evaluated at the baseline and at postoperative months three, 12, and annually until final follow-up. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 79 months with a maximum of 10 years. Mean Knee Society Score (KSS) increased from 29 to 78, and functional KSS from 42 to 81. The average WOMAC pain index changed from 12 to three; average WOMAC stiffness improved from four to one, and WOMAC function score improved from 44 to 16. The mean physical SF12 varied from 30 to 46, while mental SF-12 varied from 45 to 55. Radiological osseointegration of the implants was considered optimal in all cases, with a survival of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Metaphyseal sleeves in combination with varus-valgus constrained (VVC) components and a rotating platform, have shown good clinical and radiological results in patients with post-traumatic knee arthritis and constitute a reliable alternative for treatment of this disease when the epiphyseal zone is deteriorated and has bone defects.

[Primary and Secondary Prevention of Hip Fragility Fracture in Teruel Health Sector, Aragon, Spain]. / Prevencion primaria y secundaria de la fractura de cadera por fragilidad ósea en la población del sector sanitario Teruel.

OBJECTIVE: Osteoporosis should be prevented, diagnosed and treated, preferably before the fragility fracture occurs. The objective was to analyze primary and secondary interventions carried out in individuals diagnosed with femur fragility fracture at Teruel in 2014. METHODS: Descriptive retrospective study. Variables assessed were sex, age, main health district, place of residence, basal functional situation, diagnosis on osteoporosis, hip or vertebral fracture, loss of height, use of FRAX tool, treatment on discharge, survival and cause of exitus. Student's t-test and ANOVA were used for quantitative variables by categories and regression for linear relationships. RESULTS: 148 patients were included. 123 were women median age was 87 years, 123 (76,4%) were women, 27,4% of the patients were totally or severely dependent for activities of daily living and 33% of them were living in a nursing home. There was a previous history of hip fracture in 10,1%, and one or more vertebral fractures in 10,1%. FRAX® tool was not used in any case. 12,2% of patients had been treated with calcium prior to fracture, 11,5% with vitamin D, and 6,8% of them with antiosteoporotic drugs. Only 52,7% were treated for secondary prevention after discharge. At the end of follow-up, 25,7% of hip fractured patients had died. Median survivorship of deceased patients was 64,5 days. 42,3% of exitus were caused by cardiovascular disease, 23,1% by infection and 11,5% by neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS: Primary pharmacologic prevention and assessment of osteoporosis or risk of fracture are unfrequent in our health district.. Although pharmacologic treatment is prescribed more frequently in Teruel than in other areas after a hip or vertebral fracture, additional measures should be taken in order to improve fragility fracture prevention.

OBJETIVO: La osteoporosis puede y debe prevenirse, diagnosticarse y tratarse, preferentemente antes de que aparezca la fractura por fragilidad. El objetivo fue analizar las intervenciones de prevención primaria y secundaria llevadas a cabo en las personas que sufrieron fractura de cadera por fragilidad en 2014 en el sector sanitario de Teruel. METODOS: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Variables analizadas: sexo, edad, zona básica de salud, residencia, situación funcional basal, antecedente de osteoporosis, fractura de fémur o vertebral, pérdida de estatura, utilización de FRAX, tratamiento al alta, exitus y su causa. Se empleó t-Student y ANOVA para variables cuantitativas por categorías y regresión para relaciones lineales. RESULTADOS: Se incluyó a 148 personas, de las cuales 123 eran mujeres, con una mediana de edad de 87 años, 27,4% tenían dependencia grave o total para las actividades de la vida diaria, 33% estaban institucionalizados. El 10,1% tenían antecedente de fractura de cadera y 10% de fractura vertebral. Constaba diagnóstico de osteoporosis en el 13'7%. En ningún caso se había utilizado la herramienta FRAX®. Habían seguido tratamiento previo con calcio el 12,2%, con vitamina D el 11,5% y con fármacos antiosteoporóticos un 6,8%. Tras la fractura siguió tratamiento para prevención secundaria el 52,7%. A 31/12/2015 había fallecido un 25,7%, con mediana de supervivencia de los fallecidos de 64,5 días, siendo las causas de exitus más frecuentes enfermedad cardiovascular (42,3%), infección (23,1%) y neoplasias (11,5%). CONCLUSIONES: En nuestro sector sanitario es infrecuente la valoración de la osteoporosis y del riesgo de fractura en población de riesgo así como la indicación de medidas farmacológicas de prevención primaria. Aunque la indicación de terapia para la prevención secundaria es superior a la reflejada en la literatura, debemos tomar medidas adicionales para mejorar la prevención de fracturas por fragilidad.

Mid-term results for metaphyseal sleeves in revision knee surgery.

PURPOSE: Metaphyseal titanium sleeves have been used to provide cementless fixation in challenging bone defects in revision knee arthroplasty. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mid-term results of radiological and clinical outcomes, for metaphyseal sleeves in type 1B and 2 defects of tibia and femur under the hypothesis that they would provide stable and prolonged fixation. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-four patients were included in a prospective study to evaluate the outcomes of knee revision with sleeves, together with stems and varus-valgus constrained mobile bearing prosthesis. Median follow-up was 71.5 months (range 36-107). Analysis included American Knee Society Score (KSS), Western Ontario and Mcmaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), SF12 Health Survey and radiographic assessment. RESULTS: All clinical scores improved significantly in all patients during the follow-up. The median of Knee KSS increased from 33 to 78 and functional KSS from 30 to 80. The median of WOMAC pain index changed from 12 to 4; pre-operative median of WOMAC stiffness and WOMAC function score improved from 5 to 2 and from 45 to 14, respectively. The median of physical SF12 varied from 27 to 44, while mental SF-12 from 43 to 54. Radiological evaluation showed optimal osseous integration in all patients, and neither implant migration nor progressive radiolucency around components was observed. Complications included three cases of end-of-stem pain at tibial side and two revisions due to septic loosening in the first post-operative year. No aseptic loosening was reported. CONCLUSION: The use of metaphyseal sleeves, in combination with uncemented stems and varus-valgus constrained components with rotating platform, has shown excellent mid-term results allowing osseous ingrowth with no evidence of osteolysis or displacement. This is a promising option for better implant fixation in revision TKA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Case series with no comparison group, Level IV.

Prevención primaria y secundaria de la fractura de cadera por fragilidad ósea en la población del sector sanitario Teruel / Primary and secondary prevention of hip fragility fracture in Teruel health sector, Aragon, Spain

Fundamentos: La osteoporosis puede y debe prevenirse, diagnosticarse y tratarse, preferentemente antes de que aparezca la fractura por fragilidad. El objetivo fue analizar las intervenciones de prevención primaria y secundaria llevadas a cabo en las personas que sufrieron fractura de cadera por fragilidad en 2014 en el sector sanitario de Teruel. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Variables analizadas: sexo, edad, zona básica de salud, residencia, situación funcional basal, antecedente de osteoporosis, fractura de fémur o vertebral, pérdida de estatura, utilización de FRAX, tratamiento al alta, exitus y su causa. Se empleó t-Student y ANOVA para variables cuantitativas por categorías y regresión para relaciones lineales. Resultados: Se incluyó a 148 personas, de las cuales 123 eran mujeres, con una mediana de edad de 87 años, 27,4% tenían dependencia grave o total para las actividades de la vida diaria, 33% estaban institucionalizados. El 10,1% tenían antecedente de fractura de cadera y 10% de fractura vertebral. Constaba diagnóstico de osteoporosis en el 13’7%. En ningún caso se había utilizado la herramienta FRAX®. Habían seguido tratamiento previo con calcio el 12,2%, con vitamina D el 11,5% y con fármacos antiosteoporóticos un 6,8%. Tras la fractura siguió tratamiento para prevención secundaria el 52,7%. A 31/12/2015 había fallecido un 25,7%, con mediana de supervivencia de los fallecidos de 64,5 días, siendo las causas de exitus más frecuentes enfermedad cardiovascular (42,3%), infección (23,1%) y neoplasias (11,5%). Conclusiones: En nuestro sector sanitario es infrecuente la valoración de la osteoporosis y del riesgo de fractura en población de riesgo así como la indicación de medidas farmacológicas de prevención primaria. Aunque la indicación de terapia para la prevención secundaria es superior a la reflejada en la literatura, debemos tomar medidas adicionales para mejorar la prevención de fracturas por fragilidad (AU)

Background: Osteoporosis should be prevented, diagnosed and treated, preferably before the fragility fracture occurs. The objective was to analyze primary and secondary interventions carried out in individuals diagnosed with femur fragility fracture at Teruel in 2014. Methods: Descriptive retrospective study. Variables assessed were sex, age, main health district, place of residence, basal functional situation, diagnosis on osteoporosis, hip or vertebral fracture, loss of height, use of FRAX tool, treatment on discharge, survival and cause of exitus. Student’s t-test and ANOVA were used for quantitative variables by categories and regression for linear relationships. Results: 148 patients were included. 123 were women median age was 87 years, 123 (76,4%) were women, 27,4% of the patients were totally or severely dependent for activities of daily living and 33% of them were living in a nursing home. There was a previous history of hip fracture in 10,1%, and one or more vertebral fractures in 10,1%. FRAX® tool was not used in any case. 12,2% of patients had been treated with calcium prior to fracture, 11,5% with vitamin D, and 6,8% of them with antiosteoporotic drugs. Only 52,7% were treated for secondary prevention after discharge. At the end of follow-up, 25,7% of hip fractured patients had died. Median survivorship of deceased patients was 64,5 days. 42,3% of exitus were caused by cardiovascular disease, 23,1% by infection and 11,5% by neoplasms. Conclusions: Primary pharmacologic prevention and assessment of osteoporosis or risk of fracture are unfrequent in our health district.. Although pharmacologic treatment is prescribed more frequently in Teruel than in other areas after a hip or vertebral fracture, additional measures should be taken in order to improve fragility fracture prevention (AU)

Síndrome del miembro fantasma: aproximación terapéutica mediante el tratamiento espejo. Experiencia de un Servicio de Geriatría / Phantom limb pain syndrome: therapeutic approach using mirror therapy in a Geriatric Department

El descubrimiento de las neuronas espejo da una perspectiva nueva a la rehabilitación neurológica: se postula que la activación de las neuronas espejo en el hemisferio contralateral a una extremidad amputada reduce la actividad de los sistemas que perciben el dolor protopático y permite la reorganización de la corteza somatosensorial. Esta hipótesis abre la posibilidad de considerar el tratamiento espejo no solo como técnica analgésica, sino también como instrumento para una rehabilitación funcional integral en pacientes geriátricos con amputación de miembro inferior. Presentamos los resultados de la aplicación de dicho tratamiento a 3 pacientes ancianos con dolor de miembro fantasma tras la amputación reciente de una pierna(AU)

The clinical use of mirror visual feedback was initially introduced to alleviate phantom pain by restoring motor function through plastic changes in the human primary motor cortex. It is a promising novel technique that gives a new perspective to neurological rehabilitation. Using this therapy, the mirror neuron system is activated and decrease the activity of those systems that perceive protopathic pain, making somatosensory cortex reorganization possible. This paper reports the results of the mirror therapy in three patients with phantom limb pain after recent lower limb amputation, showing its analgesic effects and its benefits as a comprehensive rehabilitation instrument for lower limb amputee geriatric patients(AU)

[Phantom limb pain syndrome: therapeutic approach using mirror therapy in a Geriatric Department]. / Síndrome del miembro fantasma: aproximación terapéutica mediante el tratamiento espejo. Experiencia de un Servicio de Geriatría.

The clinical use of mirror visual feedback was initially introduced to alleviate phantom pain by restoring motor function through plastic changes in the human primary motor cortex. It is a promising novel technique that gives a new perspective to neurological rehabilitation. Using this therapy, the mirror neuron system is activated and decrease the activity of those systems that perceive protopathic pain, making somatosensory cortex reorganization possible. This paper reports the results of the mirror therapy in three patients with phantom limb pain after recent lower limb amputation, showing its analgesic effects and its benefits as a comprehensive rehabilitation instrument for lower limb amputee geriatric patients.

Regenerated cartilage produced by autogenous periosteal grafts: a histologic and mechanical study in rabbits under the influence of continuous passive motion.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the repaired tissues formed in full-thickness cartilage defects in a rabbit model implanted with autogenous periosteal grafts under the influence of continuous passive motion (CPM) establishing a correlation between histology, histomorphometry, and mechanical behavior. METHODS: Autogenous periosteal grafts were used to resurface full-thickness defects produced in the trochlear groove in the right knees of 60 New Zealand rabbits. Four groups were formed according to the time to death and postoperative mobilization: group A--active intermittent motion, euthanized at 8 weeks; group B--CPM, euthanized at 8 weeks; group C--active intermittent motion, euthanized at 36 weeks; and group D, CPM, euthanized at 36 weeks. Repaired tissues were evaluated grossly, histologically, and mechanically, as well as by histomorphometry. RESULTS: The repair tissue was hyaline-like cartilage in 68.1% of the specimens in group A, 71.4% in group B, 0% in group C, and 20% in group D. The mean thickness of the regenerated tissue was 1.20 mm in group A, 1.23 mm in group B, 0.20 mm in group C, and 0.25 in group D. Elastic stiffness at 8 weeks was lower than that of the control cartilage and increased significantly at 36 weeks because of degenerative changes. Postoperative motion showed no influence on the results. Repaired tissue developed severe degenerative changes in time, and deterioration of the mechanical properties was observed without any protective effect of the CPM. CONCLUSIONS: Full-thickness cartilage defects treated with autologous periosteal grafts were repaired with hyaline-like cartilage tissue. Regenerated tissue showed viscoelastic behavior similar to normal cartilage 8 weeks after surgery. CPM did not improve histologic or mechanical results. Repaired tissue did not last over time. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Free periosteal grafts should not be used clinically in the treatment of full-thickness cartilage defects because even though regenerated tissue seems initially to be hyaline-like cartilage, it is not capable of maintaining its histologic and mechanical properties over a long period of time.