¿Cómo vivieron las personas con discapacidad la crisis de la covid-19? El caso de las personas apoyadas por entidades tutelares en España / How Did People with Disabilities Experience the COVID-19 Crisis? Situation of People Supportedby Guardianship Organizations in Spain

Las personas con discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo (DID) apoyadas por entidades tutelares constituyen un grupo singular dentro de la población con DID. De ahí que la Asociación Española de Fundaciones Tutelares (AEFT) se haya propuesto conocer su experiencia durante la pandemia de la COVID-19, especialmente durante el confinamiento. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio observacional, transversal, descriptivo y analítico mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario ad hoc en el que han participado 380 personas apoyadas por entidades asociadas a la AEFT. Los resultados indican que el 9 %tuvo un diagnóstico positivo por prueba PCR, el 24 % estuvo completamente aislado, un 16 % experimentó alteraciones de conducta y un 12 % de salud mental. Asimismo, se constató la clara desventaja de quienes viven en centros residenciales con puntuaciones globales dos puntos por debajo de quienes viven de manera independiente. Analizado por factores, en una comparación de personas que viven en residencias frente a aquellos que viven independientemente, se encontraron diferencias significativas. Estas tuvieron un impacto negativo en lo relativo a la información, la comunicación y contacto y, sobre todo, en la vida en comunidad para aquellas personas viviendo en centros residenciales. El estudio muestra, sin embargo, un efecto positivo en salud a favor de las residencias. Con todo, se concluye que es necesario seguir promoviendo la autonomía de las personas y la transición hacia un modelo habitacional más inclusivo que procure el pleno disfrute del artículo 19 de la Convención. (AU)

People with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) support-ed by guardianship organizations are a unique group within the IDD population. For this reason, the Spanish Association of Guardianship Foundations (AEFT) aim to find out about their experience during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially during lock-down. An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study was carried out through the application of an ad hoc questionnaire in which 380 people supported by entities associated with the AEFT participated. The results indicate that 9 % had a positive diagnosis by PCR test, 24 % were completely isolated, 16 % experienced be-havioral alterations and 12 % mental health problems. There was also a clear disadvan-tage for those living in residential care homes scoring overall two points lower compared to those living independently. Significant differences were found when breaking down by factors after a statistical comparison of subjects living in residential care home vs independent homes. These differences had a negative impact in information, commu-nication and contact and, above all, community living for people living in residentialcare homes. On the contrary the effect on health was positive in favour of the residential carehomes. Overall, it is concluded the need to continue promoting people’s autonomy and the transition towards a more inclusive housing model that seeks the full enjoyment of article 19 of the Convention. (AU)

Optimal-robust selection of a fuel surrogate for homogeneous charge compression ignition modeling.

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion is a potential candidate for dealing with the stringent regulations on vehicle emissions while still providing very good energy efficiency. Despite the promising results obtained in preliminary studies, the lack of autoignition control has delayed its launch in the engine industry. In the development of the HCCI concept, the availability of reliable computer models has proved extremely valuable, due to their flexibility and lower cost compared with experiments using real engines. In order to obtain the best formulation of a fuel surrogate formulated with n-heptane, toluene and cyclohexane that efficiently estimate the autoignition behaviour, regression adjustments are made to the Root-Mean-Square Errors (RMSE) of experimental Starts of Combustion (SOC) from the modeled SOC. The canonical form of the Scheffé polynomials is widely used to fit the data from mixture experiments, however the experimenter might have only partial knowledge. In this paper we present the adaptation of the robust methodology for possibly misspecified blending model and an algorithm to obtain tailor-made optimal designs for mixture experiments, instead of using standard designs which are indiscriminately employed, to make good estimations of the parameters blending model. We maximize the determinant of the mean squared error matrix of the least square estimator over a realistic neighbourhood of the fitted regression mixture model. The maximized determinant is then minimized over the class of possible designs, yielding an optimal design. Thus, the computed desings are robust to the exact form of the true blending model. Standard mixture designs, as the simplex lattice, are around 25% efficient for estimation purposes compared with the designs obtained in this work when deviances from the considered model occur during the experiments. Once an optimal-robust design was selected (based on the level of certainty about model adequacy), we computed the optimal mixture that best reproduces the combustion property to be imitated. Optimal mixtures obtained when the considered model is inadequate agree with the results achieved in empirical studies, which validates the methodology proposed in this work.

Individualized Care Scale-patient: A Spanish validation study.

BACKGROUND: I suggest this individualized care is a fundamental principle closely linked to nursing ethics and has important benefits for the patients, however, nurses do not always take into consideration the principles of individualized care. Moreover, there is no validated instrument to assess patients' views of individualized care in Spanish-speaking countries. OBJECTIVES: To assess the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the Individualized Care Scale-patient. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study design was conducted. A questionnaire survey, including the Individualized Care Scale-patient, was used for data collection. Psychometric properties of reliability and validity were assessed. Fit indices of the overall model were computed. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT: Survey data were collected from a sample of 118 inpatients at a public hospital in Spain. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: Informed consent from participants and ethical approval was obtained from a regional Clinical Research Ethics Committee. FINDINGS: Ordinal Cronbach's alphas were 0.966 for Individualized Care Scale-patient subscale A and 0.969 for Individualized Care Scale-patient subscale B. The polychoric correlation between each item and the subscale ranged between 0.653-0.874 and 0.604-0.916, respectively. The exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor solution. Personal life situation explained relatively large amounts of the variance. Goodness of fit index showed a good fit for the model. DISCUSSION: This study confirms three factors underlining the individualized care concept, but some differences were found in the load of the factors, such as the relevance of "personal life situation" subscale, that need further research. CONCLUSION: The Spanish version of the Individualized Care Scale-patient is reliable, valid, user-friendly, and suitable to be used in Spanish-speaking countries showing satisfactory properties. This instrument may help managers better understand and develop areas in which patients perceive lower individualized care received and the factors influencing it. Such key information will help ensure the right of the patient to be respected as an individual.

Design of experiments for zeroth and first-order reaction rates.

This work presents optimum designs for reaction rates experiments. In these experiments, time at which observations are to be made and temperatures at which reactions are to be run need to be designed. Observations are performed along time under isothermal conditions. Each experiment needs a fixed temperature and so the reaction can be measured at the designed times. For these observations under isothermal conditions over the same reaction a correlation structure has been considered. D-optimum designs are the aim of our work for zeroth and first-order reaction rates. Temperatures for the isothermal experiments and observation times, to obtain the most accurate estimates of the unknown parameters, are provided in these designs. D-optimum designs for a single observation in each isothermal experiment or for several correlated observations have been obtained. Robustness of the optimum designs for ranges of the correlation parameter and comparisons of the information gathered by different designs are also shown.