Enhancing Kidney Transplant Outcomes: The Impact of Living Donor Programs.

INTRODUCTION: The protocol for deceased donor kidney transplants has been standardised. The procedure for a living donor has peculiarities derived from the differences in the graft. When a living kidney donor program is implemented, changes occur in both the profile of the kidney transplant candidate and in the postoperative treatments. AIMS: To discover whether a living donor program influences the functional outcomes of kidney grafts in a longstanding classical deceased donor kidney transplant program and to identify the factors associated with transplant outcomes. METHODS: Retrospective observational multicentre study. SAMPLE: Kidney transplant patients in two urology referral centres for renal transplant in Spain between 1994 and 2019. Groups: TV (living transplant): patients given kidney transplants from living donors (n = 150); TCpre11 (deceased transplant previous to 2011): patients given kidney transplants from deceased donors before the living donor program was implemented (n = 650); and TCpost11 (deceased transplant after 2011): patients given kidney transplants from deceased donors after the living donor program was implemented (n = 500). RESULTS: Mean age was 55.75 years (18-80 years), higher in TCpre11. There were 493 female patients (37.92%) and 1007 male patients (62.08%). Mean body mass index (BMI) was 26.69 kg/m2 (17.50-42.78 kg/m2), higher in TCpre11. Mean ischemia time was 17.97 h (6-29 h), higher in TCpost11. Median duration of urethral catheter: 8 days (6-98 days), higher in TCpost11. Median duration of double-J ureteral stent: 58 days (24-180 days), higher in TCpost11. Pretransplant UTIs: 17.77%, higher in TCpre11 (25.69%) than in TV (12%), higher in TV (12%) than TCpost11 (9.2%), and higher in TCpre11 (25.69%) than TCpost11 (9.2%). Acute renal rejection in 9.33% of TV, 14.77% of TCpre11, and 9.8% of TCpost11. Multivariate analysis: TCpost11 featured higher BMI, more smoking, and chronic renal failure progression time. Lower use of nonantibiotic prophylaxis to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections, increased duration of urethral catheters due to obstructive problems, and favoured deterioration of kidney function was observed in the deceased donor program. The living donor (LD) program had a strong influence on deceased donor transplants in the prelysis phase. Implementation of a LD program was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of acute rejection in TCpost11 and an increase in the tendency towards normal kidney function. CONCLUSIONS: Implementing living donor transplant programs affects functional outcomes in deceased donor transplants, reducing the probability of acute rejection and increasing the tendency towards normal kidney function. Preventing recurrent urinary tract infections with measures other than antibiotics, smoking cessation, delaying the removal of the double-J stent from the graft, and pre-emptive transplant (transplant prior to dialysis) are associated with improved renal function of the graft.

Uropatía obstructiva bilateral y microvejiga post-radioterapia / Bilateral obstructive uropathy and micro-bladder after

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[Hematologic neoplasms with testicular involvement]. / Neoplasias hematológicas con implicación testicular.

OBJECTIVE: We report two cases of patients with a previous diagnosis of hematologic tumor who present with testicular recurrence, and we carry out a review of the literature regarding the infrequency of this pathology. METHODS: We present a retrospective review of the medical records of two patients diagnosed with hematologic malignancies (acute myelogenous leukemia and multiple myeloma) with occurrence of relapse in the testicle. We reviewed the management and outcome after treatment with bilateral orchiectomy. RESULTS: Case 1: The patient was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia and treated with an allogeneic transplant. Two years later, the patient reported an increase in testicular size. The complementary studies lead us to suspect a testicular recurrence that was confirmed after orchiectomy. Currently, the patient awaits the start of a chemotherapy treatment prior to a new allogeneic transplant. Case 2: Patient with the diagnosis of multiple myeloma who started a polychemotherapy treatment without response and underwent allogeneic transplant. After five months with complete remission, there were signs of systemic recurrence, and a study for a new transplant was carried out. During the study, potential testicular recurrence was observed. After a batch of complementary tests, bilateral orchiectomy was performed and the diagnosis was confirmed. Currently, the patient is undergoing an allogeneic transplant protocol after radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Currently the mortality rate in cases of relapse of hematologic malignancy in the testicle has declined despite the sharp rise in its incidence. This is because of, as in our case, early diagnosis and the combined use of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. This has been achieved through an interdisciplinary collaboration of urologists, hematologists, oncologists and radiotherapists.

Eosinophilic ureteritis. Report of a case.

OBJECTIVE: We present the case of a patient with eosinophilic ureteritis. METHODS: The patient was admitted with pain on the right renal fossa, and after several imaging tests, a mass was found on the right ureter, compatible with urothelial neoplasia on the right ureter. RESULTS: Right nephroureterectomy was performed and the histopathological diagnosis was eosinophilic ureteritis CONCLUSION: Eosinophilic ureteritis is a rare entity with an unclear etiology,which is not easily distinguished from urothelial tumours. In the differential diagnosis we must take it into account whenever we find a ureteral mass associated to eosinophilia.

Ureteritis eosinofílica. A propósito de un caso / Eosinophilic ureteritis. Report of a case

OBJETIVO: Presentamos el caso de una paciente con Ureteritis eosinofílica. MÉTODO: Paciente en estudio por dolor en fosa renal derecha al que se le realizan múltiples pruebas de imagen donde se identifica masa en uréter derecho compatible con neoplasia urotelial de uréter derecho. RESULTADOS: Se realiza Nefroureterectomia derecha y se diagnostica histopatológicamente de Ureteritis eosinofílica. CONCLUSIÓN: La ureteritis eosinofílica es una rara entidad de difícil distinción frente a los tumores uroteliales, de no clara etiología. Deberemos tenerla en cuenta en el diagnóstico diferencial cuando encontremos una masa ureteral asociada a eosinofilia (AU)

OBJECTIVE: We present the case of a patient with eosinophilic ureteritis. METHODS: The patient was admitted with pain on the right renal fossa, and after several imaging tests, a mass was found on the right ureter, compatible with urothelial neoplasia on the right ureter. RESULTS: Right nephroureterectomy was performed and the histopathologicaldiagnosis was eosinophilic ureteritis. CONCLUSION: Eosinophilic ureteritis is a rare entity with an unclear etiology, which is not easily distinguished from urothelial tumours. In the differential diagnosis we must take it into accountwhenever we find a ureteral mass associated to eosinophilia (AU)

Termómetro intravesical / Intravesical Thermometer

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Saturation biopsies for prostate cancer detection: effectiveness, safety and predictive factors.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness and safety of saturation biopsies for prostate cancer detection of and to identify predictive variables for cancer. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective transversal study in which we analyzed 144 saturation biopsies (January '06 - July '09). INCLUSION CRITERIA: at least two sets of biopsies without evidence of malignancy and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)levels >10 ng/ml or PSA kinetics suggestive of malignancy (rate >0.75 ng/ml/year)and patients with atypia in a previous biopsy.The variables analyzed were: age, abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE), total PSA, free/total PSA ratio, prostate volume, PSA density, previous histopathology, number of cylinders obtained and complications. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test, Student's t-test and logistic regression. RESULTS: Mean age was 66 years (SD ± 6.4), mean total PSA 14.4 ng/ml (SD ± 12.6), mean free/total PSA ratio 0.09 (SD ± 0.09), mean prostate volume 61.6 cc (SD ± 27.4), mean PSA density 0.27 (SD ± 0.26) and mean number of cylinders obtained 30.45 (SD ± 3.8). We diagnosed 32% of the patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma. We observed PSA density was higher in the prostate cancer group, 0.39 (SD ± 0.36), compared to 0.21 (SD ± 0.18) in patients without cancer (p=0.003). Adenocarcinoma was found in 58% of the biopsies in patients with suspicious DRE, compared to 28% with normal DRE (p=0.009). Mean prostate volume in the prostate cancer group was 52.5 (SD ± 24.7)compared to 66.0 (SD ± 27.7)in the group without cancer (p=0.006). In the multivariate analysis, the PSA density (p=0.02; 95% CI 1.36 - 37.36) was the only variable that independently predicted the presence of adenocarcinoma. No statistically significant differences were found in either univariate or multivariate analysis for the remaining variables analyzed. The incidence of complications was similar to that described in the literature for other series. CONCLUSIONS: Saturation biopsy is safe and effective for detection of prostate cancer. PSA density was the only factor that was shown to be independent predictive variable for tumor diagnosis.

Biopsias de saturación para la detección de cáncer de próstata: efectividad, seguridad y factores predictivos / Saturation biopsies for prostate cancer detection: effectiveness, safety and predictive factors

OBJETIVO: Determinar la rentabilidad y seguridad de las biopsias de saturación para la detección del cáncer de próstata (CaP), e identificar variables relacionadas con la presencia del tumor.MÉTODOS: Revisamos de forma transversal y retrospectiva 144 biopsias de saturación (enero/06-julio/09). Los criterios de inclusión fueron: al menos 2 sets de biopsias sin evidencia de malignidad y cifras de Antígeno Prostático Específico (PSA) > 10 ng/ml o cinética de PSA sugestiva de malignidad (velocidad > 0,75 ng/ml/año) y pacientes con atipias en biopsia/s previa/s. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, tacto rectal sospechoso (TRS), PSA total, cociente PSA libre/total, volumen prostático, densidad de PSA, anatomía patológica previa, número de cilindros obtenidos y complicaciones. Se analiza estadísticamente mediante test de CHI-2, t de Student y regresión logística(AU)

RESULTADOS: La edad media fue de 66 años (DS±6,4), el PSA total medio 14,4 ng/ml (DS±12,6), el cociente medio PSA libre/total 0,09 (DS±0,09), el volumen prostático medio 61,6 cc (DS±27,4), la densidad media de PSA 0,27 (DS±0,26) y el número medio de cilindros obtenidos de 30,45 (DS±3,8).Diagnosticamos un 32% de adenocarcinoma prostático. La densidad de PSA fue mayor en el grupo con CaP, 0,39 (DS±0,36) frente a 0,21 (DS±0,18) en los pacientes sin cáncer (p=0,003). En el 58% de los pacientes con TRS se observó adenocarcinoma en la biopsia, frente a un 28% con TR normal (p=0,009). El volumen prostático medio del grupo con CaP fue de 52,5 (DS±24,7) frente a 66 (DS±27,7) del grupo sin cáncer (p=0,006).En el análisis multivariante, la densidad de PSA (p=0,02; IC 95% 1,36 - 37,36) es la única variable que predice de forma independiente la existencia de adenocarcinoma.Para el resto de variables analizadas, tanto en el análisis univariante como en el multivariante, no se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas.La incidencia de complicaciones derivadas del procedimiento fue similar a la descrita en la literatura para otras series.CONCLUSIONES: La biopsia de saturación es efectiva y segura para determinar la presencia de cáncer de próstata. La densidad de PSA es el único factor que se han mostrado como variable predictiva independiente para el diagnóstico de tumor(AU)

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness and safety of saturation biopsies for prostate cancer detection of and to identify predictive variables for cancer.METHODS: We conducted a retrospective transversal study in which we analyzed 144 saturation biopsies (January ‘06 - July ‘09). Inclusion criteria: at least two sets of biopsies without evidence of malignancy and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) levels >10ng/ml or PSA kinetics suggestive of malignancy (rate >0.75ng/ml/year) and patients with atypia in a previous biopsy.The variables analyzed were: age, abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE), total PSA, free/total PSA ratio, prostate volume, PSA density, previous histopathology, number of cylinders obtained and complications. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test, Student’s t-test and logistic regression.RESULTS: Mean age was 66 years (SD ± 6.4), mean total PSA 14.4 ng/ml (SD ± 12.6), mean free/total PSA ratio 0.09 (SD ± 0.09), mean prostate volume 61.6 cc (SD ± 27.4), mean PSA density 0.27 (SD ± 0.26) and mean number of cylinders obtained 30.45 (SD ± 3.8).We diagnosed 32% of the patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma. We observed PSA density was higher in the prostate cancer group, 0.39 (SD ± 0.36), compared to 0.21 (SD ± 0.18) in patients without cancer (p=0.003). Adenocarcinoma was found in 58% of the biopsies in patients with suspicious DRE, compared to 28% with normal DRE (p=0.009). Mean prostate volume in the prostate cancer group was 52.5 (SD ± 24.7) compared to 66.0 (SD ± 27.7) in the group without cancer (p=0.006).In the multivariate analysis, the PSA density (p=0.02; 95% CI 1.36 - 37.36) was the only variable that independently predicted the presence of adenocarcinoma. No statistically significant differences were found in either univariate or multivariate analysis for the remaining variables analyzed. The incidence of complications was similar to that described in the literature for other series(AU)

CONCLUSIONS: Saturation biopsy is safe and effective for detection of prostate cancer. PSA density was the only factor that was shown to be independent predictive variable for tumor diagnosis(AU)