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1.
Neurología (Barc., Ed. impr.) ; 39(1): 43-54, Jan.-Feb. 2024. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-229828

ABSTRACT

Introducción El ictus isquémico puede ser una complicación grave en los pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2. Estudiar y caracterizar los diferentes subtipos etiológicos, las características clínicas y el pronóstico funcional podrá resultar útil en la selección de pacientes para un manejo y tratamiento óptimos. Métodos La recogida de variables se hizo de forma retrospectiva en pacientes consecutivos con infección por SARS-CoV-2 que desarrollaron un episodio de isquemia cerebral focal (entre el 1 de marzo del 2020 y el 19 de abril del 2020). Se llevó a cabo en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel en la Comunidad de Madrid (España). Resultados Durante el período de estudio 1.594 pacientes fueron diagnosticados de infección por SARS-CoV-2. Identificamos a 22 pacientes con ictus isquémico (1,38%); de estos, no cumplieron los criterios de inclusión 6. Un total de 16 pacientes con isquemia cerebral focal constituyeron la serie del estudio (15 con ictus isquémico y uno con accidente isquémico transitorio). En la valoración basal en el National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale la mediana fue de 9 (rango intercuartil: 16), la edad media ± desviación estándar fue de 73 ± 12,8 años; 12 pacientes fueron varones (75%). El tiempo desde los síntomas de COVID-19 hasta el ictus fue de 13 días. Se encontró oclusión de gran vaso en 12 pacientes (75%). El dímero-D estuvo elevado en el 87,5% y la proteína C reactiva en el 81,2% de los casos. La etiología más frecuente del ictus isquémico fue la aterotrombosis (9 pacientes, 56,3%) con un subtipo predominante que fue el trombo endoluminal sobre placa de ateroma (5 pacientes, 31,2%), 4 de ellos en la arteria carótida interna y uno de ellos en el arco aórtico. La mortalidad en nuestra serie fue del 44% (7 de 16 pacientes). Conclusiones En los pacientes con ictus y COVID-19 la etiología más frecuente fue la aterotrombótica, con una elevada frecuencia de trombo endoluminal sobre placa de ateroma... (AU)


Background Ischaemic stroke may be a major complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Studying and characterising the different aetiological subtypes, clinical characteristics, and functional outcomes may be valuable in guiding patient selection for optimal management and treatment. Methods Data were collected retrospectively on consecutive patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who developed acute focal brain ischaemia (between 1 March and 19 April 2020) at a tertiary university hospital in Madrid (Spain). Results During the study period, 1594 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19. We found 22 patients with ischaemic stroke (1.38%), 6 of whom did not meet the inclusion criteria. The remaining 16 patients were included in the study (15 cases of ischaemic stroke and one case of transient ischaemic attack). Median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 9 (interquartile range: 16), and mean (standard deviation) age was 73 years (12.8). Twelve patients (75%) were men. Mean time from COVID-19 symptom onset to stroke onset was 13 days. Large vessel occlusion was identified in 12 patients (75%). We detected elevated levels of D-dimer in 87.5% of patients and C-reactive protein in 81.2%. The main aetiology was atherothrombotic stroke (9 patients, 56.3%), with the predominant subtype being endoluminal thrombus (5 patients, 31.2%), involving the internal carotid artery in 4 cases and the aortic arch in one. The mortality rate in our series was 44% (7 of 16 patients). Conclusions In patients with COVID-19, the most frequent stroke aetiology was atherothrombosis, with a high proportion of endoluminal thrombus (31.2% of patients). Our clinical and laboratory data support COVID-19–associated coagulopathy as a relevant pathophysiological mechanism for ischaemic stroke in these patients. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Carotid Artery Thrombosis , Coronavirus Infections/complications , Spain
2.
Neurología (Barc., Ed. impr.) ; 39(1): 43-54, Jan.-Feb. 2024. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-EMG-445

ABSTRACT

Introducción El ictus isquémico puede ser una complicación grave en los pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2. Estudiar y caracterizar los diferentes subtipos etiológicos, las características clínicas y el pronóstico funcional podrá resultar útil en la selección de pacientes para un manejo y tratamiento óptimos. Métodos La recogida de variables se hizo de forma retrospectiva en pacientes consecutivos con infección por SARS-CoV-2 que desarrollaron un episodio de isquemia cerebral focal (entre el 1 de marzo del 2020 y el 19 de abril del 2020). Se llevó a cabo en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel en la Comunidad de Madrid (España). Resultados Durante el período de estudio 1.594 pacientes fueron diagnosticados de infección por SARS-CoV-2. Identificamos a 22 pacientes con ictus isquémico (1,38%); de estos, no cumplieron los criterios de inclusión 6. Un total de 16 pacientes con isquemia cerebral focal constituyeron la serie del estudio (15 con ictus isquémico y uno con accidente isquémico transitorio). En la valoración basal en el National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale la mediana fue de 9 (rango intercuartil: 16), la edad media ± desviación estándar fue de 73 ± 12,8 años; 12 pacientes fueron varones (75%). El tiempo desde los síntomas de COVID-19 hasta el ictus fue de 13 días. Se encontró oclusión de gran vaso en 12 pacientes (75%). El dímero-D estuvo elevado en el 87,5% y la proteína C reactiva en el 81,2% de los casos. La etiología más frecuente del ictus isquémico fue la aterotrombosis (9 pacientes, 56,3%) con un subtipo predominante que fue el trombo endoluminal sobre placa de ateroma (5 pacientes, 31,2%), 4 de ellos en la arteria carótida interna y uno de ellos en el arco aórtico. La mortalidad en nuestra serie fue del 44% (7 de 16 pacientes). Conclusiones En los pacientes con ictus y COVID-19 la etiología más frecuente fue la aterotrombótica, con una elevada frecuencia de trombo endoluminal sobre placa de ateroma... (AU)


Background Ischaemic stroke may be a major complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Studying and characterising the different aetiological subtypes, clinical characteristics, and functional outcomes may be valuable in guiding patient selection for optimal management and treatment. Methods Data were collected retrospectively on consecutive patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who developed acute focal brain ischaemia (between 1 March and 19 April 2020) at a tertiary university hospital in Madrid (Spain). Results During the study period, 1594 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19. We found 22 patients with ischaemic stroke (1.38%), 6 of whom did not meet the inclusion criteria. The remaining 16 patients were included in the study (15 cases of ischaemic stroke and one case of transient ischaemic attack). Median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 9 (interquartile range: 16), and mean (standard deviation) age was 73 years (12.8). Twelve patients (75%) were men. Mean time from COVID-19 symptom onset to stroke onset was 13 days. Large vessel occlusion was identified in 12 patients (75%). We detected elevated levels of D-dimer in 87.5% of patients and C-reactive protein in 81.2%. The main aetiology was atherothrombotic stroke (9 patients, 56.3%), with the predominant subtype being endoluminal thrombus (5 patients, 31.2%), involving the internal carotid artery in 4 cases and the aortic arch in one. The mortality rate in our series was 44% (7 of 16 patients). Conclusions In patients with COVID-19, the most frequent stroke aetiology was atherothrombosis, with a high proportion of endoluminal thrombus (31.2% of patients). Our clinical and laboratory data support COVID-19–associated coagulopathy as a relevant pathophysiological mechanism for ischaemic stroke in these patients. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Carotid Artery Thrombosis , Coronavirus Infections/complications , Spain
3.
Neurologia (Engl Ed) ; 39(1): 43-54, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38065431

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Ischaemic stroke may be a major complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Studying and characterising the different aetiological subtypes, clinical characteristics, and functional outcomes may be valuable in guiding patient selection for optimal management and treatment. METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively on consecutive patients with COVID-19 who developed acute focal brain ischaemia (between 1 March and 19 April 2020) at a tertiary university hospital in Madrid (Spain). RESULTS: During the study period, 1594 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19. We found 22 patients with ischaemic stroke (1.38%), 6 of whom did not meet the inclusion criteria. The remaining 16 patients were included in the study (15 cases of ischaemic stroke and one case of transient ischaemic attack). Median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 9 (interquartile range: 16), and mean (standard deviation) age was 73 years (12.8). Twelve patients (75%) were men. Mean time from COVID-19 symptom onset to stroke onset was 13 days. Large vessel occlusion was identified in 12 patients (75%). We detected elevated levels of D-dimer in 87.5% of patients and C-reactive protein in 81.2%. The main aetiology was atherothrombotic stroke (9 patients, 56.3%), with the predominant subtype being endoluminal thrombus (5 patients, 31.2%), involving the internal carotid artery in 4 cases and the aortic arch in one. The mortality rate in our series was 44% (7 of 16 patients). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with COVID-19, the most frequent stroke aetiology was atherothrombosis, with a high proportion of endoluminal thrombus (31.2% of patients). Our clinical and laboratory data support COVID-19-associated coagulopathy as a relevant pathophysiological mechanism for ischaemic stroke in these patients.


Subject(s)
Brain Ischemia , COVID-19 , Ischemic Stroke , Stroke , Thrombosis , United States , Male , Humans , Aged , Female , Stroke/epidemiology , Stroke/etiology , Stroke/diagnosis , Brain Ischemia/etiology , Brain Ischemia/therapy , Retrospective Studies , COVID-19/complications , SARS-CoV-2 , Ischemic Stroke/etiology , Ischemic Stroke/complications , Thrombosis/epidemiology , Thrombosis/etiology
4.
Neurologia (Engl Ed) ; 2021 May 11.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34103174

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Ischaemic stroke may be a major complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Studying and characterising the different aetiological subtypes, clinical characteristics, and functional outcomes may be valuable in guiding patient selection for optimal management and treatment. METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively on consecutive patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who developed acute focal brain ischaemia (between 1 March and 19 April 2020) at a tertiary university hospital in Madrid (Spain). RESULTS: During the study period, 1594 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19. We found 22 patients with ischaemic stroke (1.38%), 6 of whom did not meet the inclusion criteria. The remaining 16 patients were included in the study (15 cases of ischaemic stroke and one case of transient ischaemic attack). Median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 9 (interquartile range: 16), and mean (standard deviation) age was 73 years (12.8). Twelve patients (75%) were men. Mean time from COVID-19 symptom onset to stroke onset was 13 days. Large vessel occlusion was identified in 12 patients (75%). We detected elevated levels of D-dimer in 87.5% of patients and C-reactive protein in 81.2%. The main aetiology was atherothrombotic stroke (9 patients, 56.3%), with the predominant subtype being endoluminal thrombus (5 patients, 31.2%), involving the internal carotid artery in 4 cases and the aortic arch in one. The mortality rate in our series was 44% (7 of 16 patients). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with COVID-19, the most frequent stroke aetiology was atherothrombosis, with a high proportion of endoluminal thrombus (31.2% of patients). Our clinical and laboratory data support COVID-19-associated coagulopathy as a relevant pathophysiological mechanism for ischaemic stroke in these patients.

5.
Cir. plást. ibero-latinoam ; 32(1): 1-9, ene.-mar. 2006. ilus
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-046247

ABSTRACT

La región frontorbitaria tiene una especial significación en el contexto del envejecimiento facial. La literatura cuenta con numerosa bibliografía que trata sobre este problema. Se considera como una unidad diagnóstico-terapéutica en los últimos tiempos y la evolución de la cirugía hace que se vaya hacia soluciones cada vez más fisiológicas y mínimamente invasivas. Nuestro trabajo queremos que sea un paso más en esa dirección. Sobre una muestra de 25 pacientes en los que se trató la región frontorbitaraia con diferentes procedimientos, y que además mostraban un descenso de la altura de las cejas, se presenta una técnica de suspensión frontorbitaria con mínima incisión, apoyada en una malla de polipropileno anclada en el músculo frontal y galea en el extremo inferior y en el periostio y la galea en su extremo superior en el plano supraperióstico y sin resección cutánea. Se emplea un sistema de medición de resultados basado en puntos del esqueleto facial. Los resultados han sido satisfactorios subjetiva y objetivamente, y comparables a los de otras técnicas más complejas y de mayor coste económico. Las complicaciones desarrolladas han sido leves y pasajeras. Se valora porqué se decidió utilizar la malla de polipropileno, así como porqué se eligió un gramaje concreto. También se analizan las características que aportan el material y su uso en esta técnica como comportamiento ante la infección, tolerancia tisular, retracción cicatricial y adhesividad. Asímismo se justifica el plano de disección y colocación elegido, y se valora el sistema de medición para el control objetivo de los resultados. La aportación de este trabajo consiste en desarrollar una alternativa dentro de las técnicas mínimamente invasivas para le reposición de la región frontorbitaria, sin resección de piel y con buenos resultados en la corrección de las arrugas frontales, comparables a los de otras técnicas de mayor complejidad y elevado coste económico (AU)


The fronto-orbital region is of particular significance in the context of facial ageing. There is a considerable amount of research on the nature of this problem. This area has recently come to be considered as a therapeutic- diagnostic unit and surgical developments mean that focus is switching more towards less invasive physiological solutions. Our study aims to take another step in this direction. ;;Taking a sample of 25 patients, all of them undergoing different procedures on the fronto-orbital region and with a lowering of the eyebrows, a suspension technique was introduced with minimum incisions supported by a polypropylene mesh attached to the frontal muscle and galea in the inferior extreme and to the periosteum and galea in the superior extreme in the supra-periosteum plane and without skin removal. A measuring system based on points of the facial skeleton was used. ;;The results were subjectively and objectively satisfactory compared to those from more complicated and expensive techniques. Complications were of a slight and temporary nature. ;;This section carries out an assessment of the reasons for selecting a polypropylene mesh and specific grammage. In addition, the properties of the material are analysed and its use in this context of preventing infection, tissue tolerance, scar reduction and adhesiveness. Justification of the site of dissection and the choice of positioning, and an assessment of the course of medication given in order to produce a set of controlled and objective results, will also be carried out. ;;The aim of this work is to develop an alternative within minimally invasive techniques for the restructuring of the fronto-orbital region without skin removal and with good results in the correction of facial wrinkles compared to other more complicated and expensive techniques (AU)


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Middle Aged , Humans , Surgical Mesh , Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/methods , Rhytidoplasty/methods , Blepharoplasty/methods , Erythromycin/therapeutic use , Propofol/therapeutic use , Midazolam/therapeutic use , Surgical Mesh/classification , Surgical Mesh/trends , Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/trends , Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures , Rejuvenation/physiology , Face/surgery , Rhytidoplasty/instrumentation , Forehead/surgery , Patient Satisfaction
6.
Cir. mayor ambul ; 10(4): 184-188, dic. 2005. tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-043631

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: El análisis de los resultados es fundamental para corregir los fallos y posibles errores de un procedimiento. Dado que la última fase del alta de los pacientes son realizados mayoritariamente por personal de enfermería, nosotros filtramos aquí los datos derivados del fracaso de la Unidad ( UCSI), al realizar un seguimiento de los pacientes que en vez de pasar a su domicilio, tuvieron destino en hospitalización. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se han estudiado los primeros 1950 ingresos realizados en la Unidad de Cirugía sin ingreso (UCSI) que pertenecían a los Servicios de Cirugía con 273 (14’00%), Oftalmología 1.304 (66’87%), Traumatología con 317 (16’25%) y Urología con 56 (2’87%). Los ingresos se agrupan además por Servicios y médico responsable; los pacientes con hospitalización como destino se agrupan además por causas de hospitalización como de errores de selección, causas anestésicas, causas técnicas, causas postoperatorias y otras. RESULTADOS: Los pacientes que pasaron a hospitalización fueron 88 en total (4’51%) pertenecieron 8 a Cirugía, 46 a Oftalmología, 9 a traumatología, ninguno a Urología y 26 a Anestesiología, Con respecto a los grupos de causas: de los 88 pacientes 5 tuvieron que pasar a hospitalización por errores en la selección de los pacientes (5’68%), 9 por problemas de tipo anestésico (10’22%), 43 por circunstancias técnicas intraoperatorias (48’86%), 17 por su evolución postoperatoria propiamente en UCSI (19’31%) y 14 por otras causas (15’90%). También se ha analizado cada médico responsable, lo cual ha llevado a descubrir en algún caso vicios de procedimiento por parte de alguno de éllos. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque los porcentajes se hallan dentro de los rangos descritos en la literatura, el análisis de los fracasos es el mejor criterio para realizar un control de calidad permitiendo corregir los defectos y vicios de funcionamiento (AU)


INTRODUCTION: The analysis of results is essential for the correction of errors or possible mistakes in any process. The last phase before the patients are discharged from hospital is undertaken by nursing staff. Bearing this in mind, we present the data obtained from the "failed ambulatory procedures" of the Day Surgery Unit (DSU). It concerns those patients that were hospitalised instead of being sent home. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study dealt with the first 1950 admissions to the Day Surgery Unit (DSU) from which 273 (14%) were of the Surgery department, 1304 (66.87%) of the Ophthalmology department, 317 (16.25%) of the Trauma department and 56 (2.87%) of the Urology department. The admissions analysed are grouped in the different departments and the doctors in charge. Furthermore, those patients that were hospitalised were grouped according to the reasons for that: selection errors; anaesthetic reasons; technical reasons; postoperative reasons and others. RESULTS: Of the total of patients, 88 (4.51%) were hospitalised. Of these, 8 belonged to Surgery, 46 to Ophthalmology, 9 to Trauma, none to Urology and 26 to Anaesthesia, which represents 2.93% of the total in Surgery, 3.52% in Ophthalmology, 2.83% in Trauma, and 1.74% in Anaesthesia. Depending on the causes, of the (..) (AU)


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Humans , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Hospitalization/trends , Ambulatory Surgical Procedures/methods , Ambulatory Surgical Procedures/statistics & numerical data , Surgery Department, Hospital/organization & administration , Surgery Department, Hospital/statistics & numerical data , Quality Control , Quality of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Ambulatory Care/methods , Ambulatory Care/organization & administration , Hospitalization/economics , Ambulatory Surgical Procedures/standards , Ambulatory Surgical Procedures/trends , Cost Allocation/organization & administration , Cost Allocation/statistics & numerical data , Postoperative Period
7.
Cir. mayor ambul ; 9(1): 14-17, ene.-abr. 2004. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-87483

ABSTRACT

TIPO DE ESTUDIO: Descriptivo PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se presentan 10casos de Tumoraciones Cervicales: 3 nódulos tiroideos, 2 quistes tiroglosos,2 adenomas parotídeos,1 Tumor submaxilar, 1 litiasis/abceso submaxilary 1 quiste branquial tratadas en régimen de Cirugía Mayor Ambulatoria. Los criterios de selección varían poco con respecto a los convencionales, así como el tratamiento quirúrgico, ya que solo en las hemitiroidectomías se trataba de evitar la extensión del cuello; y la vigilancia postoperatoria en el Hospital era igual a la que se aplica a cualquier otra patología. Se ha realizado un seguimiento postoperatorio personalizado, en el que el paciente tenía acceso directo a su equipo quirúrgico durante las primeras 24horas postoperatorias. RESULTADOS: Los resultados han sido buenos, ya que no se han producido complicaciones. Se hace una valoración de la actitud con respecto a las complicaciones mas graves que se podían haber producido. Conclusiones: Se concluye que este grupo de patología nodular tiroidea se puede incluir entre las entidades de CMA (AU)


KIND OF STUDY: Descriptive. SETTING: A Public General Hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present 10cases of Cervical Tumours: 3 thyroid nodules, 2thyroglossal cysts, 2 parotid adenomas, 1 submaxillary tumour, 1 submaxillary lithiasis/abscess and 1 branchial cyst. All these tumours were treated in a Day Surgery Unit (DSU). Both the selection criteria and the surgical treatment hardly differed from that used in conventional procedures except in hemithyroidectomies where we tried to avoid extension of the neck. Postoperative observation during hospital stay was the same as that applied to any other pathology. Personalized postoperative monitoring was carried out allowing the patient to have direct access to his surgical team during the 24 hours following the operation. RESULTS: The results are good as there have been no complications. We evaluated the attitude towards possible complications which mayarise. CONCLUSION: We concluded that this group of nodular thyroid pathology may be included among Ambulatory procedures (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Submandibular Gland Neoplasms/surgery , Parathyroid Neoplasms/surgery , Thyroid Nodule/surgery , Thyroglossal Cyst/surgery , Adenoma/surgery , Branchioma/surgery , Head and Neck Neoplasms/surgery , Treatment Outcome
8.
Bol. Asoc. Méd. P. R ; 95(4): 43-46, Jul.-Aug. 2003.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-411124

ABSTRACT

This is a report of a 60 year-old black female patient presenting with pruritic brownish crusted plaques on both axillae of one month evolution. Histopathology revealed findings characteristic of axillary granular parakeratosis. This entity was first described by Northcutt et al in 1991. Since then, involvement of other intertriginous areas have also been reported. A review of the literature was performed and the term granular parakeratosis is suggested to emphasize its pathognomonic histopathologic features


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Parakeratosis/pathology
9.
Sangre (Barc) ; 44(5): 352-6, 1999 Oct.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10618912

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To measure the capability of heat (60 degrees C for 10 hr) and low pH to inactivate BVDV (a model of HCV) in human intravenous immunoglobulins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out on three batches of immunoglobulins produced by the Cohn method and contaminated with a known amount of BVDV. These mixtures, with and without 33% sorbitol, were submitted to heat treatment at 60 degrees C for 10 hours. The same immunoglobulin batches were manufactured at pH 4.25 and 4.5 and stored at 4 degrees C and 4 degrees C and 21 degrees C for 28 days. Samples of the two experiments were taken at the beginning and the end. The viral infectiousness was calculated by the standard microtiration method in 96-well plates, using the CPE, and the reduction factor was measured for each experiment. RESULTS: Complete viral inactivation was achieved with the heat treatment after 4 hours, and the 33% sorbitol decreased the formation of aggregates. Treatment by pH 4.5, at 21 degrees C for 28 days, decreased the viral load by approximately 2 log; no viral inactivation was achieved in samples stored at 4 degrees C. CONCLUSION: Heat is an effective method for inactivating HCV in final batches of human intravenous immunoglobulins when 33% sorbitol is added. The use of low pH at 21 degrees C as a method of viral inactivation must be evaluated case by case, since, according to the present results, it only achieved a 2 log inactivation.


Subject(s)
Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral , Hot Temperature , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/isolation & purification , Sterilization/methods , Animals , Cattle , Cell Line , Chromatography, Ion Exchange , Cold Temperature , Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/drug effects , Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/isolation & purification , Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/physiology , Hepacivirus , Humans , Protein Denaturation , Safety , Sorbitol/pharmacology , Viral Load , Viral Proteins/chemistry , Viral Proteins/drug effects , Virus Cultivation , Virus Replication/drug effects
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