Penicillium chrysogenum var. halophenolicum, a new halotolerant strain with potential in the remediation of aromatic compounds in high salt environments.

A halotolerant phenylacetate-degrading fungus Penicillium CLONA2, previously isolated from a salt mine at Algarve (Portugal), was identified as a variant of P. chrysogenum using the ITS-5,8S rDNA and the D1/D2 domain of 28S rDNA sequences. The metabolic features and genetic characteristics suggest that this strain belongs to a subgroup of P. chrysogenum, named var. halophenolicum. The presence of the penicillin biosynthetic cluster was proven by Southern hybridizations using probes internal to the pcbAB and penDE genes and sequencing of the pcbAB-pcbC intergenic region. However the pcbAB-pcbC divergent promoter region contained 20 point modifications with respect to that of the wild type P. chrysogenum NRRL1951. The CLONA2 strain produced non-aromatic natural penicillins rather than benzylpenicillin in a medium containing potassium phenylacetate (the precursor of benzylpenicillin) and was able to grow well on phenylacetatic acid using it as sole carbon source. Due to the ability of P. chrysogenum CLONA2 to degrade aromatic compounds, this strain may be an interesting organism for aromatic compounds remediation in high salinity environments.

Clinical and prognostic value of discrepancies in microsatellite DNA regions between recipient and donor in human leukocyte antigen-identical allogeneic transplantation setting.

BACKGROUND: Detection of recipient versus donor disparities in microsatellite DNA regions (short tandem repeats [STR]) allows for sensitive and specific monitorization of the degree of hematopoietic chimerism. It is well known that disparities between donor and recipient in various polymorphic systems (mainly human leukocyte antigen [HLA]) are associated with an increased incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). However, the possible biological role of STR discrepancies in GvHD development has not yet been well established. METHODS: We evaluated 149 consecutive patients with hematologic malignancies receiving peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation from a human leukocyte antigen-identical sibling donor. A total of 15 STR regions were analyzed using the PowerPlex16 kit and classified as identical when recipient and donor share the same alleles, and mismatched when at least one of the alleles differed. RESULTS: Higher severity of acute GvHD (II-IV, P=0.043) and shorter 5-year overall survival (P=0.016) was found in patients displaying more than 10 mismatches with respect to their donor. Additionally, higher risk of transplant-related mortality (P=0.019) was found in recipient-donor pairs with discrepancies in the D13S317 STR marker. CONCLUSION: The present data suggest that genetic incompatibilities outside the human leukocyte antigen region between donors and recipients influence the outcome of patients receiving stem-cell transplantation. In addition, disparities in the neighboring D13S317 region could influence transplant-related mortality.

Chromosome 14q32 translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia identify a disease subset with poor prognosis.

Immunophenotypic studies, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and conventional karyotyping were used to define the clinicobiological significance of 14q32 translocations involving the immunoglobulin gene locus (14q32/IGH) in 252 chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients. The following regions were studied: 13q14, centromere 12, 6q21; 11q22/ATM; 17p13/TP53, 14q32/IGH. Patients were classified as group 1 (favourable, i.e. 13q-single or normal), group 2 (intermediate risk, i.e. +12, 6q-, 1-2 anomalies), group 3 (unfavourable, i.e. 17p-, 11q-, complex karyotype), or group 4 (14q32/IGH translocation). Endpoints were treatment-free survival (TFS) and overall survival (OS). One hundred and ten patients were included in group 1, 99 in group 2, 25 in group 3 and 18 in group 4. 14q32/IGH translocation partners were identified in eight cases (BCL2 in five cases, BCL11A, CCND3 and CDK6 in one case each). group 4 showed shorter TFS versus groups 2 and 1 (25% patients treated at 2 months vs. 12 (P = 0.02) and 20 months (P = 0.002), respectively) and shorter OS (25% patients dead at 18 months versus 50 (P = 0.0003) and >60 months (P < 0.0001) respectively. The 14q32/IGH translocation maintained prognostic significance at multivariate analysis on TFS (P = 0.025) and OS (P < 0.001), along with advanced stage and CD38+. These findings show that the 14q32/IGH translocation predicts for an unfavourable outcome in CLL and that this cytogenetic subset might be included as a separate entity in a hierarchical cytogenetic classification of CLL.

Molecular characterization of heavy chain immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia and IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) are IgM-related disorders in which monoclonal B cells harbor a unique clonotypic rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IgH). The aim of this study was to characterize IgH rearrangements in a larger series of IgM-related disorders than any previously described. DESIGN AND METHODS: Seventy-two patients with monoclonal IgM disorders (64 with WM and eight with IgM-MGUS) were studied to amplify and sequence both VDJH and DJH rearrangements. Twenty-nine of them were also tested for the existence of class switch recombination (CSR). RESULTS: VDJH and DJH rearrangements were detected in 91% and 42% of WM patients and in 100% and 13% of IgM-MGUS patients, respectively. In WM, the most frequently observed VH family and single segment were VH3 and VH3-23 (76% and 29%, respectively), with their frequencies differing markedly from those that would occur if the rearrangements were random. The VH3-23 segment was never selected in IgM-MGUS. The distribution of both DH and JH families in WM did not differ from that in normal B-lymphocytes. Somatic hypermutation with >2% deviation was seen in 90% of cases of WM and in 71% of IgM-MGUS. DJH rearrangements were more frequent in WM than in MGUS (42% and 13%, respectively). All DJH rearrangements were unmutated, which makes them an attractive target for minimal residual disease investigation. IgM clonotypic transcripts were observed in all cases and IgD in 83%. IgA and/or IgG monoclonal isotypes were seen in three WM cases (14%) but in none of the IgM-MGUS patients. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: WM and IgM-MGUS exhibit dissimilarities in VDJH and DJH rearrangements that could suggest different differentiation processes. There is evidence that WM cells are able to undergo CSR in vivo, a fact that was initially thought to be impossible in this disease.

Using quantification of the PML-RARalpha transcript to stratify the risk of relapse in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The detection of PML-RARalpha by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) is becoming an important tool for monitoring minimal residual disease (MRD) in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). However, its clinical value remains to be determined. Our aim was to analyze any associations between the risk of relapse and RQ-PCR results in different phases of treatment, comparing these data with those yielded by conventional qualitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. DESIGN AND METHODS: Follow-up samples from 145 APL patients treated with the PETHEMA protocols were evaluated by the RQ-PCR protocol (Europe Against Cancer program) and by the RT-PCR method (BIOMED-1 Concerted Action). Hematologic and molecular relapses and relapse-free survival were recorded. We then looked for associations between relapse risk and RQ-PCR results. RESULTS: After induction therapy, no association was found between positive RQ-PCR results and relapse. The PCR result here did not imply any change in the scheduled therapy. After the third consolidation course, two out of three cases with positive RQ-PCR relapsed in contrast to 16 out of 119 (13%) patients with negative RQ-PCR. During maintenance therapy and out-of treatment, all patients with >10 PML-RARalpha normalized copy number (NCN) (n=19) relapsed while all patients with <1 NCN at the end of the study remained in hematologic remission (p<0.0001). In the intermediate group (NCN 1-10) (n=18), the relapse-free survival at 5 years was 60%. Hematologic relapses were predicted if a positive RQ-PCR result had been obtained in a follow-up sample within the previous 4 months. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Based on the information provided by RQ-PCR in samples obtained after the end of consolidation and subsequently, a relapse risk stratification could be established for APL patients. This stratification divides patients into three groups: those at high risk of relapse, those with an intermediate risk and those with a low risk of relapse.

Functional class switch recombination may occur 'in vivo' in Waldenström macroglobulinaemia.

Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM) malignant cells have been considered incapable of undergoing class switch recombination (CSR). However, we report a WM patient who developed an IgG M-component 4 years after diagnosis. When the second monoclonal component appeared, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed the presence of pre (Cmu) and postswitch (Cgamma) clonotypic isotypes; sequencing of these isotypes demonstrated that both corresponded to the single clone amplified at diagnosis, including the same complementarity-determining region 3 and somatic mutation pattern. This proves that WM cells can undergo a functional in vivo CSR.

Molecular characterization of complete and incomplete immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements in hairy cell leukemia.

PURPOSE: We analyzed patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) to achieve a better understanding of the differentiation stage reached by HCL cells and to define the key role of the diversification of cell surface makers, especially CD25 expression. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed 38 previously untreated patients with HCL to characterize their complete (VDJ(H)) and incomplete (DJ(H)) immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain (IgH) rearrangements, including somatic hypermutation pattern and gene segment use. RESULTS: A correlation between immunophenotypic profile and molecular data was seen. All 38 cases showed monoclonal amplifications: VDJ(H) in 97%, DJ(H) in 42%, and both in 39%. Segments from the D(H)3 family were used more in complete compared with incomplete rearrangements (45% vs. 12%; P < .005). Furthermore, comparison between molecular and immunophenotypic characteristics disclosed differences in the expression of CD25 antigen; CD25(-) cases, a phenotype associated with HCL variant, showed complete homology to the germline in 3 of 5 cases (60%), whereas this characteristic was never observed in CD25(+) cases (P < .005). Moreover, V(H)4-34, V(H)1-08, and J(H)3 segments appeared in 2, 1, and 2 CD25(-) cases, respectively, whereas they were absent in all CD25(+) cases. CONCLUSION: These results support that HCL is a heterogeneous entity including subgroups with different molecular characteristics, which reinforces the need for additional studies with a larger number of patients to clarify the real role of gene rearrangements in HCL.

The association of increased p14ARF/p16INK4a and p15INK4a gene expression with proliferative activity and the clinical course of multiple myeloma.

p14/p16 and p15 gene expression was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in purified plasma cells (PC) from 52 patients with symptomatic multiple myeloma (MM) and seven with smoldering MM in order to clarify the impact of these genes on the proliferative activity of tumor cells and patients' outcome. p15 expression was lower in symptomatic MM than in smoldering SMM (-1.80 vs.1.51,p=0.026); similar results were observed for p14/p16. MM patients whose PC displayed high p15 and/or p14/p16 expression had a lower percentage of S-phase PC than the remaining cases (1.79%+/-1.35 vs. 3.04%+/-1.42, p=0.028), favorable prognostic factors and longer survival (100% vs. 49%at 2.5 years; p=0.007).

Anti-CCR7 monoclonal antibodies as a novel tool for the treatment of chronic lymphocyte leukemia.

To date, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains incurable with current treatments, which include the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) rituximab and alemtuzumab. The efficacy of rituximab is modest when used as single agent, and alemtuzumab induces severe immunosuppression. To develop more potent and specific therapies, we propose the CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) as an attractive target molecule to treat CLL, as it not only fulfills the requirements of a high-surface expression and a good level of tissue specificity, but it also plays a crucial role in mediating the migration of the tumor cells to lymph nodes (LNs) and thus, in the development of clinical lymphadenopathy. In the current work, murine anti-human CCR7 mAb mediated a potent, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against CLL cells while sparing normal T lymphocytes from the same patients. The sensitivity to CDC was related to the antigenic density of CCR7. Moreover, these mAb blocked the in vitro migration of CLL cells in response to CC chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19), one of the physiological ligands of CCR7. Conversely, CLL cells were poorly lysed through antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), probably as a result of the murine origin and the isotype of the anti-CCR7 mAb used. Molecular engineering techniques will allow us to obtain chimeric or humanized anti-CCR7 mAb to reach the best clinical response for this common and yet incurable leukemia.