Intention to use physical restraint in paediatric intensive care units and correlated variables: A multicentre and cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the intention to use physical restraint (PR) and the relationship with sociodemographic and professional variables of the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) nurses. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY/DESIGN AND SETTING: A multicentre and correlational study was carried out from October 2021 to December 2023 in five paediatric intensive care units from five maternal and child hospitals in Spain. The Paediatric Physical Restraint-Theory of Planned Behaviour Questionnaire was provided. Moreover, sociodemographic and employment variables were registered. RESULTS: A total of 230 paediatric nurses participated in the study. A total of 87.7 % were females with an average age of 35.5 ± 9.7 years and working experience of 10.5 ± 8.4 years. The mean scores obtained were 21.1 ± 3.8 for attitude, 13.1 ± 5.0 for subjective norms, 14.4 ± 4.3 for perceived behavioural control and 28.0 ± 6.0 for intention. The nurses apply more physical restraint to anxious patients, with scarce analgesics and sedation, those affected with pharmacological withdrawal symptoms and those with a high risk of accidental removal of vital support devices or fall from bed. The sex (p = 0.007) and type of employment contract (p = 0.01) are the variables that are significantly correlated with the intention to use of PR. CONCLUSION: The paediatric nurses analysed had a moderate attitude, social pressure and perceived behavioural control towards the use of PR. IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE: It is important to know the factors that influence the intention to use physical restraint in order to standardise safe practice for critically ill paediatric and to ensure that patients' rights are respected by obtaining informed consent and assessing the prescription, continuation and removal of physical restraint.

Sex Differences in Cognitive Reflection: A Meta-Analysis.

The current study presents a meta-analytic review of the differences between men and women in cognitive reflection (CR). The study also explores whether the type of CR test (i.e., numerical tests and verbal tests) moderates the relationship between CR and sex. The results showed that men score higher than women on CR, although the magnitude of these differences was small. We also found out that the type of CR test moderates the sex differences in CR, especially in the numerical tests. In addition, the results showed that the length of numerical tests (i.e., number of items) does not affect the differences between men and women in CR. Finally, the implications of these results are discussed, and future research is suggested.

WEB shape modifications: angiography-histopathology correlations in rabbits.

BACKGROUND: WEB Shape Modification (WSM) over time is frequent after aneurysm treatment. In this study, we explored the relationship between histopathological changes and angiographic evolution over time in experimental aneurysms in rabbits treated with the Woven EndoBridge (WEB) procedure. METHODS: Quantitative WSM was assessed using flat-panel computed tomography (FPCT) during follow-up by calculating height and width ratio (HR, WR), defined as the ratio between either measurement at an index time point and the measurement immediately after WEB implantation. The index time point varied from 1 day to 6 months. HR and WR were evaluated with angiographic and histopathological assessments of aneurysm healing. RESULTS: Final HR of devices varied from 0.30 to 1.02 and final WR varied from 0.62 to 1.59. Altogether, at least 5% of HR and WR variations were observed in 37/40 (92.5%) and 28/40 (70%) WEB devices, respectively, at the time of final assessment. There was no significant correlation between complete or incomplete occlusion groups and HR or WR (p=0.15 and p=0.43). Histopathological analysis revealed a significant association between WR and aneurysm healing and fibrosis 1 month following aneurysm treatment (both p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Using longitudinal FPCT assessment, we observed that WSM affects both the height and width of the WEB device. No significant association was found between WSM and aneurysm occlusion status. Although presumably a multifactorial phenomenon, the histopathological analysis highlighted a significant association between width variations, aneurysm healing and fibrosis in the first month following aneurysm treatment.

Emulsion and liposome-based adjuvanted R21 vaccine formulations mediate protection against malaria through distinct immune mechanisms.

Adjuvanted protein vaccines offer high efficacy, yet most potent adjuvants remain proprietary. Several adjuvant compounds are being developed by the Vaccine Formulation Institute in Switzerland for global open access clinical use. In the context of the R21 malaria vaccine, in a mouse challenge model, we characterize the efficacy and mechanism of action of four Vaccine Formulation Institute adjuvants: two liposomal (LQ and LMQ) and two squalene emulsion-based adjuvants (SQ and SMQ), containing QS-21 saponin (Q) and optionally a synthetic TLR4 agonist (M). Two R21 vaccine formulations, R21/LMQ and R21/SQ, offer the highest protection (81%-100%), yet they trigger different innate sensing mechanisms in macrophages with LMQ, but not SQ, activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. The resulting in vivo adaptive responses have a different TH1/TH2 balance and engage divergent innate pathways while retaining high protective efficacy. We describe how modular changes in vaccine formulation allow for the dissection of the underlying immune pathways, enabling future mechanistically informed vaccine design.

DNA Vaccines: History, Molecular Mechanisms and Future Perspectives.

The history of DNA vaccine began as early as the 1960s with the discovery that naked DNA can transfect mammalian cells in vivo. In 1992, the evidence that such transfection could lead to the generation of antigen-specific antibody responses was obtained and supported the development of this technology as a novel vaccine platform. The technology then attracted immense interest and high hopes in vaccinology, as evidence of high immunogenicity and protection against virulent challenges accumulated from several animal models for several diseases. In particular, the capacity to induce T-cell responses was unprecedented in non-live vaccines. However, the technology suffered its major knock when the success in animals failed to translate to humans, where DNA vaccine candidates were shown to be safe but remained poorly immunogenic, or not associated with clinical benefit. Thanks to a thorough exploration of the molecular mechanisms of action of these vaccines, an impressive range of approaches have been and are currently being explored to overcome this major challenge. Despite limited success so far in humans as compared with later genetic vaccine technologies such as viral vectors and mRNA, DNA vaccines are not yet optimised for human use and may still realise their potential.

Are all reasons for living made equally? Reasons for living and dysfunctional attitudes in psychotic disorders and bipolar I.

OBJECTIVES: Persons with schizophrenia, schizoaffective, or bipolar I disorder are more likely to die by suicide compared to the general population. Dysfunctional attitudes have been shown to be significant predictors of cognitive vulnerability to depression, hopelessness, and poor problem-solving skills, which predict suicidal ideation. Dysfunctional attitudes are common in persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) and bipolar I. The Reasons for Living Inventory (RFLI) examines distinct reasons for not dying by suicide. This study's objectives were to examine the relationship between the RFLI subscales and dysfunctional attitudes among persons with SSDs and bipolar I. We hypothesized significant positive correlations between two RFLI subscales (Fear of Suicide and Fear of Social Disapproval) and total score on the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS). We did not expect significant correlations between other subscales. DESIGN AND METHODS: This correlational, cross-sectional study examined baseline scores on the RFLI and dysfunctional attitudes (DAS) among N = 102 outpatients with SSDs or bipolar I. RESULTS: Significant positive correlations were observed between RFLI subscales Fear of Suicide and Fear of Social Disapproval and DAS total scores. No other significant relationships were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Certain reasons for living (i.e. fear of suicide and social disapproval) may be associated with dysfunctional attitudes among persons with SSDs or bipolar I. These, in turn, may place these individuals at a greater risk for suicide by increasing their cognitive vulnerability. These findings may inform clinical treatment targets for persons with SSDs and bipolar I.

Economic Stress, Employee Commitment, and Subjective Well-Being / [El estrés económico, el compromiso del empleado y el bienestar subjetivo]

COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented health and economic crises across the world. Millions of businesses have been obliged to shut down, and millions of jobs have been lost. These effects have created a very severe economic-related stress level, which can have consequences on psychological well-being (PWB) and economic commitment (EC). This study examined the relationships between objective and subjective indicators of income-related stress and employment-related stress and PWB and EC. The 697 participants were contacted during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample includes private-sector employees, civil service employees, self-employed, furloughed employees, and unemployed. Results show that the economic stress produced by COVID-19, as estimated by a compound of objective and subjective income-and employment-related stress, produced a negative effect on PWB (r = .21, p < .001) and EC (r = .29, p < .001). Multiple regression showed that subjective income-related stress was the main predictor of PWB, positive affect, and negative affect and that economic deprivation and objective employment-related stress were the predictors of EC and its three components, affective, normative, and continuity. Finally, the contribution and some practical implications of the findings are discussed.(AU)

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha creado crisis económicas y de salud sin precedentes en todo el mundo. Millones de empresas se han visto obligadas a cerrar y se han perdido millones de puestos de trabajo. Estos efectos han dado lugar a un nivel de estrés económico muy elevado, que puede tener consecuencias sobre el bienestar psicológico (BP) y el compromiso económico (CE). El estudio examina las relaciones entre los indicadores objetivos y subjetivos del estrés y los ingresos y el estrés asociado al empleo, el BP y el CE. Se tomó contacto con los 697 participantes durante el pico de la pandemia de COVID-19. La muestra cubre empleados del sector privado y de la administración pública, trabajadores por cuenta propia, empleados con permiso temporal y desempleados. Los resultados muestran que el estrés económico producido por COVID-19, calculado como un compuesto de estrés objetivo y subjetivo asociado a los ingresos y al empleo, ejerce un efecto negativo en el BP (r = .21, p < .001) y el CE (r = .29, p < .001). La regresión múltiple muestra que el estrés subjetivo relacionado con los ingresos fue el principal predictor del BP y del afecto positivo y negativo y que la privación económica y el estrés objetivo vinculado al empleo predicen el CE y sus tres componentes, afectivo, normativo y de continuidad. Finalmente, se discute la contribución y algunas implicaciones prácticas de los resultados.(AU)

Quasi-ipsative Forced-Choice Personality Inventories and the Control of Faking: The Biasing Effects of Transient Error / Los inventarios de personalidad de elección forzosa cuasi-ipsativos y el control del faking: los efectos de sesgo del error temporal

To date, experimental research on the effect of faking on personality measures has used two types of designs: within-subject designs and between-subjects designs. None of these designs permit us to control for the effects of transient error on faking. Using a Latin-square design (LSD), the current study examines the effects of faking on the Big Five as assessed by a quasi-ipsative forced-choice (FC) personality inventory. LSD is a type of experimental design that simultaneously permits us to control for between-subject differences, within-subject variability, and transient error. The sample consisted of 246 participants (four experimental groups, assessed twice, 2-3 week interval). The results showed that (1) faking effect size can be largely attributed to transient error and (2) the quasi-ipsative FC format shows great resistance to faking behavior. The average effect size (Cohen’s d) for the Big Five was 0.21, 0.12, and 0.09 for observed faking, transient error, and true faking, respectively. On average, 62% of observed faking effect size can be attributed to transient error. To conclude, we discuss the implications of these findings for the research and practice of personnel selection.(AU)

La investigación experimental sobre los efectos del faking o falseamiento en las medidas de personalidad ha utilizado dos tipos de diseños: diseños intrasujeto y diseños entre sujetos. Pero ninguno de ellos nos permite controlar los efectos del error temporal en el faking. Usando un diseño de cuadrado latino (DCL), este estudio examina los efectos del faking en los Cinco Grandes evaluados con un inventario de personalidad de elección forzosa (EF) cuasi-ipsativo. El DCL es un diseño experimental que simultáneamente nos permite controlar las diferencias entre sujetos, la variabilidad intrasujeto y el error temporal. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 246 participantes (cuatro grupos experimentales, evaluados dos veces en un intervalo de 2-3 semanas). Los resultados mostraron que (1) el tamaño del efecto del faking se puede atribuir en gran medida a un error temporal y (2) el formato de EF causi-ipsativo muestra una gran resistencia al faking. El tamaño del efecto promedio (d de Cohen) para los Cinco Grandes fue 0.21, 0.12 y 0.09 para el faking observado, el error temporal y el faking verdadero, respectivamente. En promedio, el 62 % del tamaño del efecto del faking observado se puede atribuir a un error temporal. Para concluir, se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados.(AU)

The Use of Live Action, Animation, and Computer-Generated Imagery in the Depiction of Non-Human Primates in Film.

For over 100 years, non-human primates (primates) have been a part of the now hundred-billion-dollar global film industry in a variety of capacities. Their use in the film industry is of concern due to the negative welfare effects on individuals, the potential for increased pet trade, and the conservation impacts of public perception. While the effects on human perception of using live primates in film have been studied, little research has been performed on their appearance in animation and none in computer-generated imagery (CGI). We aimed to investigate how the portrayal of primates varied between depiction medium types and how this related to the films' performance with critics and in the box office. We observed 151 primates in 101 different English-speaking films that debuted between 2000 and 2019. For each appearance we recorded aspects of primate portrayals based on accuracy, anthropomorphism, environment, and agency displayed, along with the depiction medium. We used structural equation models to depict the highest likelihood of the portrayal aspects on the medium's relationship to the films gross profit worldwide and film critic consensus scores. We found that over the 20-year time frame, use of live primates has decreased, CGI has increased, and animations have remained relatively steady. While animation had no significant relationship to gross profit or critic consensus, both were significantly lower for films that used live primates and were significantly higher for films that used CGI primates. Due to the steady increase in the use of the CGI medium and its positive relationship with gross profit and critic consensus, it could have great effects on people's perceptions of primates and implications for conservation efforts.

Functional Profile of CD8+ T-Cells in Response to HLA-A*02:01-Restricted Mutated Epitopes Derived from the Gag Protein of Circulating HIV-1 Strains from Medellín, Colombia.

CD8+ T-cells play a crucial role in the control of HIV replication. HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses rapidly expand since the acute phase of the infection, and it has been observed that HIV controllers harbor CD8+ T-cells with potent anti-HIV capacity. The development of CD8+ T-cell-based vaccine against HIV-1 has focused on searching for immunodominant epitopes. However, the strong immune pressure of CD8+ T-cells causes the selection of viral variants with mutations in immunodominant epitopes. Since HIV-1 mutations are selected under the context of a specific HLA-I, the circulation of viral variants with these mutations is highly predictable based on the most prevalent HLA-I within a population. We previously demonstrated the adaptation of circulating strains of HIV-1 to the HLA-A*02 molecule by identifying mutations under positive selection located in GC9 and SL9 epitopes derived from the Gag protein. Also, we used an in silico prediction approach and evaluated whether the mutations found had a higher or lower affinity to the HLA-A*02. Although this strategy allowed predicting the interaction between mutated peptides and HLA-I, the functional response of CD8+ T-cells that these peptides induce is unknown. In the present work, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 12 HIV-1+ HLA-A*02:01+ individuals were stimulated with the mutated and wild-type peptides derived from the GC9 and SL9 epitopes. The functional profile of CD8+ T-cells was evaluated using flow cytometry, and the frequency of subpopulations was determined according to their number of functions and the polyfunctionality index. The results suggest that the quality of the response (polyfunctionality) could be associated with the binding affinity of the peptide to the HLA molecule, and the functional profile of specific CD8+ T-cells to mutated epitopes in individuals under cART is maintained.

A simple immunoassay for extracellular vesicle liquid biopsy in microliters of non-processed plasma.

BACKGROUND: Extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by most cell types, provide an excellent source of biomarkers in biological fluids. However, in order to perform validation studies and screenings of patient samples, it is still necessary to develop general techniques permitting rapid handling of small amounts of biological samples from large numbers of donors. RESULTS: Here we describe a method that, using just a few microliters of patient's plasma, identifies tumour markers exposed on EVs. Studying physico-chemical properties of EVs in solution, we demonstrate that they behave as stable colloidal suspensions and therefore, in immunocapture assays, many of them are unable to interact with a stationary functionalised surface. Using flocculation methods, like those used to destabilize colloids, we demonstrate that cationic polymers increase EV ζ-potential, diameter, and sedimentation coefficient and thus, allow a more efficient capture on antibody-coated surfaces by both ELISA and bead-assisted flow cytometry. These findings led to optimization of a protocol in microtiter plates allowing effective immunocapture of EVs, directly in plasma without previous ultracentrifugation or other EV enrichment. The method, easily adaptable to any laboratory, has been validated using plasma from lung cancer patients in which the epithelial cell marker EpCAM has been detected on EVs. CONCLUSIONS: This optimized high throughput, easy to automate, technology allows screening of large numbers of patients to phenotype tumour markers in circulating EVs, breaking barriers for the validation of proposed EV biomarkers and the discovery of new ones.

The Personality Assessment Inventory in U.S. Case Law: A Survey and Examination of Relevance to Legal Proceedings.

The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), a popular measure of personality, psychopathology, and interpersonal functioning, has demonstrated utility to address various psycholegal questions. This case law review examines a large sample of randomly selected published U.S. case law decisions to ascertain how the PAI has been applied and considered by legal decision makers. The review indicates the instrument is popular in criminal and civil legal settings, particularly in preadjudication forensic mental health evaluations (e.g., competency to proceed) and cases considering social security disability benefits. Forensic evaluators and legal actors primarily consider the results of the PAI as indicators of examinee impression management, psychopathology, and interpersonal functioning, although this varied by psycholegal context. The admissibility of the instrument was rarely challenged, although some challenges to the forensic evaluator's interpretation and conclusions emerged. Despite the PAI's popularity, the utility of the instrument is determined by specific, empirically supported, contexts. As such, forensic evaluators must consider how the PAI may inform decision making given examinee characteristics and the psycholegal question.

Immune characterization of a Colombian family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection. / Caracterización inmunológica de un grupo familiar colombiano con infección por SARS-CoV-2

INTRODUCTION: Immunological markers have been described during COVID-19 and persist after recovery. These immune markers are associated with clinical features among SARSCoV-2 infected individuals. Nevertheless, studies reporting a comprehensive analysis of the immune changes occurring during SARS-CoV-2 infection are still limited. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the production of proinflammatory cytokines, the antibody response, and the phenotype and function of NK cells and T cells in a Colombian family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Proinflammatory cytokines were evaluated by RT-PCR and ELISA. The frequency, phenotype, and function of NK cells (cocultures with K562 cells) and T-cells (stimulated with spike/RdRp peptides) were assessed by flow cytometry. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were determined using indirect immunofluorescence and plaque reduction neutralization assay. RESULTS: During COVID-19, we observed a high proinflammatory-cytokine production and a reduced CD56bright-NK cell and cytotoxic response. Compared with healthy controls, infected individuals had a higher frequency of dysfunctional CD8+ T cells CD38+HLA-DR-. During the acute phase, CD8+ T cells stimulated with viral peptides exhibited a monofunctional response characterized by high IL-10 production. However, during recovery, we observed a bifunctional response characterized by the co-expression of CD107a and granzyme B or perforin. CONCLUSION: Although the proinflammatory response is a hallmark of SARS-CoV-2 infection, other phenotypic and functional alterations in NK cells and CD8+ T cells could be associated with the outcome of COVID-19. However, additional studies are required to understand these alterations and to guide future immunotherapy strategies.

Introducción. Se han descrito diferentes marcadores inmunológicos durante la COVID-19, los cuales persisten incluso después de la convalecencia y se asocian con los estadios clínicos de la infección. Sin embargo, aún son pocos los estudios orientados al análisis exhaustivo de las alteraciones del sistema inmunológico en el curso de la infección. Objetivo. Evaluar la producción de citocinas proinflamatorias, la reacción de anticuerpos, y el fenotipo y la función de las células NK y los linfocitos T en una familia colombiana con infección por SARS-CoV-2. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron las citocinas proinflamatorias mediante RT-PCR y ELISA; la frecuencia, el fenotipo y la función de las células NK (en cocultivos con células K562) y linfocitos T CD8+ (estimulados con péptidos spike/RdRp) mediante citometría de flujo, y los anticuerpos anti-SARS-CoV-2, mediante inmunofluorescencia indirecta y prueba de neutralización por reducción de placa. Resultados. Durante la COVID-19 hubo una producción elevada de citocinas proinflamatorias, con disminución de las células NK CD56bright y reacción citotóxica. Comparados con los controles sanos, los individuos infectados presentaron con gran frecuencia linfocitos T CD8+ disfuncionales CD38+HLA-DR-. Además, en los linfocitos T CD8+ estimulados con péptidos virales, predominó una reacción monofuncional con gran producción de IL-10 durante la fase aguda y una reacción bifuncional caracterizada por la coexpresión de CD107a y granzima B o perforina durante la convalecencia. Conclusión. Aunque la reacción inflamatoria caracteriza la infección por SARS-CoV-2, hay otras alteraciones fenotípicas y funcionales en células NK y linfocitos T CD8+ que podrían asociarse con la progresión de la infección. Se requieren estudios adicionales para entender estas alteraciones y guiar futuras estrategias de inmunoterapia.

A Meta-Analysis of the Faking Resistance of Forced-Choice Personality Inventories.

This study presents a comprehensive meta-analysis on the faking resistance of forced-choice (FC) inventories. The results showed that (1) FC inventories show resistance to faking behavior; (2) the magnitude of faking is higher in experimental contexts than in real-life selection processes, suggesting that the effects of faking may be, in part, a laboratory phenomenon; and (3) quasi-ipsative FC inventories are more resistant to faking than the other FC formats. Smaller effect sizes were found for conscientiousness when the quasi-ipsative format was used (δ = 0.49 vs. δ = 1.27 for ipsative formats). Also, the effect sizes were smaller for the applicant samples than for the experimental samples. Finally, the contributions and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Immune characterization of a Colombian family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection / Caracterización inmunológica de un grupo familiar colombiano con infección por SARS-CoV-2

Abstract | Introduction: Immunological markers have been described during COVID-19 and persist after recovery. These immune markers are associated with clinical features among SARS- CoV-2 infected individuals. Nevertheless, studies reporting a comprehensive analysis of the immune changes occurring during SARS-CoV-2 infection are still limited. Objective: To evaluate the production of proinflammatory cytokines, the antibody response, and the phenotype and function of NK cells and T cells in a Colombian family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Materials and methods: Proinflammatory cytokines were evaluated by RT-PCR and ELISA. The frequency, phenotype, and function of NK cells (cocultures with K562 cells) and T-cells (stimulated with spike/RdRp peptides) were assessed by flow cytometry. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were determined using indirect immunofluorescence and plaque reduction neutralization assay. Results: During COVID-19, we observed a high proinflammatory-cytokine production and a reduced CD56bright-NK cell and cytotoxic response. Compared with healthy controls, infected individuals had a higher frequency of dysfunctional CD8+ T cells CD38+HLA-DR-. During the acute phase, CD8+ T cells stimulated with viral peptides exhibited a monofunctional response characterized by high IL-10 production. However, during recovery, we observed a bifunctional response characterized by the co-expression of CD107a and granzyme B or perforin. Conclusion: Although the proinflammatory response is a hallmark of SARS-CoV-2 infection, other phenotypic and functional alterations in NK cells and CD8+ T cells could be associated with the outcome of COVID-19. However, additional studies are required to understand these alterations and to guide future immunotherapy strategies.

Resumen | Introducción. Se han descrito diferentes marcadores inmunológicos durante la COVID-19, los cuales persisten incluso después de la convalecencia y se asocian con los estadios clínicos de la infección. Sin embargo, aún son pocos los estudios orientados al análisis exhaustivo de las alteraciones del sistema inmunológico en el curso de la infección. Objetivo. Evaluar la producción de citocinas proinflamatorias, la reacción de anticuerpos, y el fenotipo y la función de las células NK y los linfocitos T en una familia colombiana con infección por SARS-CoV-2. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron las citocinas proinflamatorias mediante RT-PCR y ELISA; la frecuencia, el fenotipo y la función de las células NK (en cocultivos con células K562) y linfocitos T CD8+ (estimulados con péptidos spike/RdRp) mediante citometría de flujo, y los anticuerpos anti-SARS-CoV-2, mediante inmunofluorescencia indirecta y prueba de neutralización por reducción de placa. Resultados. Durante la COVID-19 hubo una producción elevada de citocinas proinflamatorias, con disminución de las células NK CD56 bright y reacción citotóxica. Comparados con los controles sanos, los individuos infectados presentaron con gran frecuencia linfocitos T CD8+ disfuncionales CD38+HLA-DR-. Además, en los linfocitos T CD8+ estimulados con péptidos virales, predominó una reacción monofuncional con gran producción de IL-10 durante la fase aguda y una reacción bifuncional caracterizada por la coexpresión de CD107a y granzima B o perforina durante la convalecencia. Conclusión. Aunque la reacción inflamatoria caracteriza la infección por SARS-CoV-2, hay otras alteraciones fenotípicas y funcionales en células NK y linfocitos T CD8+ que podrían asociarse con la progresión de la infección. Se requieren estudios adicionales para entender estas alteraciones y guiar futuras estrategias de inmunoterapia.

Single-reaction multi-antigen serological test for comprehensive evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 patients by flow cytometry.

Here, we describe a new, simple, highly multiplexed serological test that generates a more complete picture of seroconversion than single antigen-based assays. Flow cytometry is used to detect multiple Ig isotypes binding to four SARS-CoV-2 antigens: the Spike glycoprotein, its RBD fragment (the main target for neutralizing antibodies), the nucleocapsid protein, and the main cysteine-like protease in a single reaction. Until now, most diagnostic serological tests measured antibodies to only one antigen and in some laboratory-confirmed patients no SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies could be detected. Our data reveal that while most patients respond against all the viral antigens tested, others show a marked bias to make antibodies against either proteins exposed on the viral particle or those released after cellular infection. With this assay, it was possible to discriminate between patients and healthy controls with 100% confidence. Analysing the response of multiple Ig isotypes to the four antigens in combination may also help to establish a correlation with the severity degree of disease. A more detailed description of the immune responses of different patients to SARS-CoV-2 virus might provide insight into the wide array of clinical presentations of COVID-19.

The status of the anomalepidid snake Liotyphlops albirostris and the revalidation of three taxa based on morphology and ecological niche models.

Liotyphlops is a genus of blindsnakes distributed in Central and South America. We reviewed specimens of Liotyphlops albirostris along its current distribution range and, based on morphological data and ecological niche modeling analyses, we restrict the geographical range of L. albirostris and validate three previously described species. In this revision, we describe the morphological variation in the populations from Panamá, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, and propose a new taxonomic arrangement. We revalidate three previous synonyms of L. albirostris to full species status, while dividing the populations from Colombia in two subspecies-one attributed to a previously recognized species from the Caribbean region, and a new one from the Andean region. The new species differs from L. albirostris from Panamá in cephalic scale arrangements that effectively reduces the previously reported variability of these scales in L. albirostris. We also explore some osteological differences that are congruent with the variation observed. We hope that the recognition of these new species better represents the diversity within Liotyphlops, helping to bring these new species out of their cryptic status so that they will be considered in future conservation efforts.

The herpetological contributions of Richard Thomas.

John Paul Richard Thomas is among the living herpetologists to have described the greatest number of new species of amphibians and reptiles, and his contributions to the herpetology of the West Indies, particularly the Greater Antilles, have been exceptional. His academic career followed an unusual path, having established a strong reputation and described 50 new taxa prior to beginning his doctoral studies. His career was strongly influenced by Albert Schwartz and later was characterized by extensive and fruitful collaboration with S. Blair Hedges. Thomas' contributions to the study of blind snakes have been noteworthy. In addition to describing 28 species of scolecophidians he has been a keen observer of blind snake morphology and his 1976 dissertation remains a valuable source of osteological data. We outline some of the highlights of the career of Richard Thomas and provide a bibliography of his scientific works and a listing of the 108 taxa of amphibians and reptiles described by him.

Faking effects on the factor structure of a quasi-ipsative forced-choice personality inventory / Los efectos del faking en la estructura factorial de un inventario de personalidad de elección forzosa quasi-ipsativo

Research has shown that faking behavior affects the factor structure of single-stimulus (SS) personality measures. However, no published research has analyzed the effects of this phenomenon on the factor structure of forced-choice (FC) personality inventories. This study examines the effects of faking, induced in a laboratory setting, on the construct validity of a quasi-ipsative FC personality inventory based on the Five-Factor Model. It also examines the moderator effect of the type of experimental design (between-subject and within-subject design) on factor analyses. The results showed that (a) data fit to a structure of five-factors in the two conditions (honest and faking) in both experimental designs; (b) model fit indices are also good or excellent in all cases; and (c) Burt-Tucker’s congruence coefficients between convergent factors of conditions analyzed are very high. These findings provide evidence that the quasi-ipsative FC format is a robust instrument that controls the effects of faking on factor structure. Finally, we discuss theoretical and practical implications of these findings for personnel selection and assessment (AU)

La investigación ha demostrado que el faking o falseamiento afecta a la estructura factorial de las medidas de personalidad de estímulo único (single stimulus; SS). Sin embargo hasta la fecha no se ha publicado ninguna investigación que haya analizado los efectos de este fenómeno en la estructura factorial de los cuestionarios de personalidad de elección forzosa (forced-choice, FC). Este estudio examina los efectos del falseamiento, inducido en un entorno de laboratorio, en la validez de constructo de un cuestionario de personalidad de elección forzosa quasi-ipsativo basado en el modelo de los cinco grandes factores de personalidad. También examina el efecto moderador del tipo de diseño experimental (inter-sujeto e intra-sujeto) en los análisis factoriales. Los resultados mostraron que (a) los datos se ajustan a una estructura de cinco factores en las dos condiciones (honesta y faking) en ambos diseños experimentales, (b) los índices de ajuste del modelo son buenos o excelentes en todos los casos y (c) los coeficientes de congruencia de Burt-Tucker entre los factores convergentes de las condiciones analizadas son muy altos. Estos hallazgos proporcionan evidencia de que el formato de elección forzosa quasi-ipsativo es un instrumento robusto que controla los efectos del faking en la estructura factorial. Finalmente se analizan las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de estos resultados en la selección y evaluación de personal (AU)