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1.
J Strength Cond Res ; 24(4): 1102-8, 2010 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20375720

ABSTRACT

We analyze the outcome on testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) responses in 12 professional basketball players during a season of competition. Serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), C, total testosterone (TT), and free testosterone (FT) levels were analyzed in October, December, March, and April. A day after the games, blood samples were taken. Serum ACTH levels were maintained at the initial levels during the season. However, basal C significantly changed during the season, with lower levels in December and in April. Basal serum TT levels increased during the season until a maximum in March. No differences were presented in the TT values in December, March, and April. Basal FT presented high levels in October and December, followed by a low level in March, remaining low in April. The T/C increased during the season, attaining a maximum level in December, followed by a significant decrease in March. Free T/C ratio decreased during the season (lower level in March). In conclusion, the players maintained a good anabolic-catabolic balance. In our opinion, to prevent the stress provoked during the season, and control the recovery periods, it is useful to monitor C, T, and the level of training.


Subject(s)
Athletic Performance/physiology , Basketball/physiology , Competitive Behavior/physiology , Hydrocortisone/blood , Testosterone/blood , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Athletes , Case-Control Studies , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Humans , Hydrocortisone/metabolism , Male , Muscle Fatigue/physiology , Muscle Strength/physiology , Physical Education and Training/methods , Physical Endurance/physiology , Probability , Seasons , Spain , Testosterone/metabolism , Time Factors
2.
J Sports Sci ; 26(3): 277-86, 2008 Feb 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17943597

ABSTRACT

The aims of this study were to measure the aerodynamic drag in professional cyclists, to obtain aerodynamic drag reference values in static and effort positions, to improve the cyclists' aerodynamic drag by modifying their position and cycle equipment, and to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of these modifications. The study was performed in a wind tunnel with five professional cyclists. Four positions were assessed with a time-trial bike and one position with a standard racing bike. In all positions, aerodynamic drag and kinematic variables were recorded. The drag area for the time-trial bike was 31% higher in the effort than static position, and lower than for the standard racing bike. Changes in the cyclists' position decreased the aerodynamic drag by 14%. The aero-helmet was not favourable for all cyclists. The reliability of aerodynamic drag measures in the wind tunnel was high (r > 0.96, coefficient of variation < 2%). In conclusion, we measured and improved the aerodynamic drag in professional cyclists. Our results were better than those of other researchers who did not assess aerodynamic drag during effort at race pace and who employed different wheels. The efficiency of the aero-helmet, and the validity, reliability, and sensitivity of the wind tunnel and aerodynamic field testing were addressed.


Subject(s)
Bicycling , Ergonomics/standards , Wind , Adult , Biomechanical Phenomena , Humans , Reference Values , Spain
3.
Biol Trace Elem Res ; 89(3): 205-13, 2002 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12462744

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of both acute exercise and maintained training during a period of competition (3 mo, at the start of the season) on iron metabolism in sportsmen on a professional volleyball team. Twelve sportsmen volunteered for this study. The exercise test was performed on a mechanically braked Monark cycle ergometer and consisted of a triangular progressive test. Three blood samples were obtained in each test: at rest, just after exercise, and after recovery. The following hematological parameters were determined: red blood count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hto), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total proteins (TP), serum iron (Fe) and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), ferritin (FER), transferrin (TRF), haptoglobin (HPT), and serum cortisol (COR) concentrations. We have found changes in hematological and biochemical variables related to Fe metabolism during the study. The changes observed could be the result of hemoconcentration processes after exercise and, at least in part, to physical stress and muscular damage. We conclude that athletes, after a period of adaptation, with a good plan of work/recovery series, undergo a biological redistribution on hematological and biochemical parameters concerning Fe metabolism during the training and competition period. Also, daily Fe supplementation could restore and mask the true repercussions of maintained training observed in other sports.


Subject(s)
Energy Metabolism/physiology , Exercise/physiology , Iron/metabolism , Physical Fitness/physiology , Sports , Blood Cell Count , Humans , Iron/blood , Male , Physical Endurance/physiology , Surveys and Questionnaires
4.
Rev. bras. med. esporte ; 5(4): 159-166, jul.-out. 1999. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-351310

ABSTRACT

De uma forma geral, a atividade física produz processos de adaptação no organismo que são determinados pelo tipo, pela instenidade pela duração das cargas. Quando os processos de adaptação orgânica e muscular são insuficientes, ocorre a síndrome da fadiga. Esta não deve ser considerada somente como um fator negativo, já que a fadiga deve ser compreendida também como um sistema de alerta e um potente fator de mobilização dos recursos funcionais, o que a torna um poderoso elemento de adaptação. O surgimento da fadiga produz uma série de sinais e sintomas caracterizados por uma redução da força com hiperecitabilidade muscular, alterações metabólicas e eletrolíticas e alterações neuroendócrinas, todos esses fatores levando a uma redução do desempenho físico. Nessas condições é originado um grau importante de "estresse" físico e psíquico, com um grande comprometimento muscular (inflamação e lesão), que são mais evidentes à medida em que o estado de fadiga se prolonga. Essa situação de "estress" origina uma supressão de diversos índices da função imunológica. Por trás do período de recuperação, o surgimento tardio de hidroxiporlina excretada e a liberação tardia das enzimas CPK e LDH musculares sugerem uma lesão no tecido muscular. Por outro lado, o processo inflamatório inclui a participação de diversos fatores fisiopatolócigos: sanguíneos, imunológicos, tissulares, metabólicos e vasculares. A instauração de tratamentos com imunomoduladores pode prevenir e auxiliar na recuperação da inflamação e do dano tissular causado pelo extresse ao exercício intenso e mantido


Subject(s)
Humans , Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology , Fatigue , Immune System , Exercise , Fatigue , Stress, Physiological
5.
Rev. bras. med. esporte ; 5(3): 120-125, maio-jun. 1999. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-390129

ABSTRACT

A atividade física está associada a variações do comportamento fisiológico, psicológico e do sistema neuroendócrino. A prática desportiva regular (não competitiva) produz diversos benefícios para a saúde; no entanto, os esportes de competição geram uma grande ansiedade que é acompanhada por diversas alterações neuroendócrinas e cardiovasculares que contribuem para distúrbios do sistema imunológico. A qualidade e a intensidade dessas alterações parecem depender da intensidade e duração do exercício, podendo modificar a atividade, a resposta metabólica e a liberação de neurotransmissores e hormônios. O "estresse" produzido pelo exercício físico intenso e sustentado é acompanhado por um aumento da descarga de catecolaminas (adrenalina e noradrenalina), que exercem influência sobre uma série de processos fisiológicos, representando um fator a mais na modulação da imunidade. As alterações gerais e tissulares locais que cursam com patologia inflamatória. Em conseqüência ao estado inflamatório gerado pelo exercício, as alterações da função imunológica são seguidas por modificações sistêmicas caracterizadas por hipertermia, astenia, predisposição a infecções, fadiga e alterações tissulares, que conduzem a uma redução do desempenho desportivo


Subject(s)
Humans , B-Lymphocytes , C-Reactive Protein , Cytokines , Exercise/physiology , Immune System , Immunoglobulins , Stress, Physiological , T-Lymphocytes
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