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1.
Drug Test Anal ; 15(9): 941-952, 2023 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37041115

ABSTRACT

Hair testing is a useful tool to investigate suspected pediatric exposure to drugs of abuse. Newborns and young children are at high risk of exposure to drugs of abuse from parents or caregivers who consumed these substances, a fact prosecuted by Spanish authorities as child abuse. A retrospective study based on a cohort of 37 cases classified using several parameters, which involve children under 12 years old, were analyzed at the Drugs Laboratory of the National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences (Madrid, Spain) between 2009 and 2021. Hair samples were tested for the presence of opiates, cocaine, ketamine, amphetamines, methadone, and cannabis using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. A 59% of the studied children had ages in the range of 1-3 years old, and in 81% of cases, victims required hospitalization. In 81% of cases (n = 30), hair was submitted only or in combination with other samples, and these were classified in four categories according to analyzed samples: A (only hair), B (hair and blood), C (hair and urine), and D (hair, blood, and urine). The 93.3% of these cases (n = 28) showed a positive result of cannabinoids (THC and CBN in hair and THC-COOH in urine; 71.4% n = 20), cocaine and metabolites (benzoylecgonine and cocaethylene; 46.4% n = 13), opiates (morphine and 6-acetylmorphine), and amphetamines (MDMA and MDMA; 3.10% n = 1). Hair analysis matched positive results in cases where urine screening test was carried out previously (n = 24) and in those cases where blood and/or urine were also submitted (35.6% n = 11). As a conclusion, hair analysis was confirmed as a useful tool to detect previous exposure to acute poisoning events in children.


Subject(s)
Cocaine , Drug Users , N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine , Humans , Child , Infant, Newborn , Child, Preschool , Infant , N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/analysis , Retrospective Studies , Spain , Amphetamines/analysis , Hair/chemistry , Cocaine/analysis , Parents , Forensic Toxicology , Substance Abuse Detection/methods
2.
Rev. esp. med. legal ; 49(1): 37-40, Ene-Mar. 2023. ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-218268

ABSTRACT

Se reporta un caso de suicidio por ingesta de nitritos. Se trata de una joven que fue hallada muerta en un vehículo junto a una serie de objetos, entre ellos una bolsa de polvo blanco etiquetada como «nitrito sódico» y comprimidos de lorazepam, paracetamol y metoclopramida. La autopsia reveló signos compatibles con metahemoglobinemia. Se remitieron muestras de sangre, humor vítreo y contenido gástrico, así como la bolsa con el polvo, los comprimidos y otros objetos al Servicio de Drogas del Departamento de Madrid del Instituto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses. El polvo fue identificado como nitrito sódico, y se detectaron concentraciones de nitritos en las muestras biológicas similares a las de otras intoxicaciones letales. El porcentaje de metahemoglobina en sangre fue del 80%. La existencia de páginas en Internet donde el suicidio con nitritos y metoclopramida es detalladamente descrito, así como el aumento del reporte de este tipo de suicidios, alertan acerca de una posible tendencia. (AU)


A case of suicide by nitrites ingestion is reported: a young woman was found death into a car with various objetcs around her, such as a white powder bag labelled as «sodium nitrite» and pills of lorazepam, acetaminophen and metoclopramide. The autopsy revealed signs compatible with methemoglobinemia and samples of blood, vitreous and gastric content were submitted to the Drugs Service of the National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences in Madrid, as well as the powder bag, the pills and other objects. The white powder was identified as sodium nitrite, and nitrites concentrations similar to other fatalities were detected in biological samples. The methemoglobin level was 80%. The existence of websites where suicide with nitrites and metoclopramide is described step-by-step, joined to the increasement of reports about these fatalities, alert us to a possible trend. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Young Adult , Poisoning , Suicide , Sodium Nitrite/adverse effects , Sodium Nitrite/toxicity , Internet , Methemoglobin
3.
Rev. esp. med. legal ; 48(2)Abril - Junio 2022. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-205871

ABSTRACT

Se reporta un caso de muerte por consumo de opio y se destaca la contribución de la toxicología forense en el esclarecimiento de la misma. La víctima fue un varón de 20 años quien tras recoger cápsulas de adormidera (Papaver somniferum L) pertenecientes a ejemplares que crecían de manera silvestre en un campo de la provincia de Toledo, y consumir el contenido de las mismas, falleció al día siguiente tras presentar dificultades respiratorias. La autopsia reveló pulmones edematosos, y las muestras de sangre y humor vítreo fueron remitidas al Servicio de Drogas del Instituto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses en Madrid, así como un fragmento de la sustancia vegetal que resultó resina de hachís. Alcaloides del opio (morfina, codeína, noscapina y tebaína), anfetaminas y cannabinoides fueron hallados en los análisis químico-toxicológicos. Se dictaminó que fue una muerte violenta de etiología accidental por policonsumo de drogas, con un rol preponderante del consumo de opio. (AU)


A new fatality due to opium consumption is reported here and the importance of Forensic Toxicology in clarifying this death is highlighted. The deceased was a 20-year-old male who, after collecting opium poppy capsules (Papaver somniferum L) which grew wild in a field near Toledo and consuming his latex (opium), died the next day after presenting respiratory difficulties. The Autopsy revealed congestive lungs and blood and vitreous humor samples were submitted to the Drugs service of the National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences in Madrid, as well as a piece of vegetal substance, which was identified as hashis. Cannabinoids, amphetamine and opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, noscapine and tebaine) were found in the toxicologycal analysis. As conclusion, a violent death of accidental etiology due to mixed drug intoxication is here presented. In our opinion, the opium consumption had a preponderant toxic role in this fatality. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Young Adult , Forensic Toxicology , Opium/poisoning , Opium/toxicity , Plant Poisoning/mortality
4.
Rev. lab. clín ; 11(3): 153-155, jul.-sept. 2018.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-176910

ABSTRACT

La alimemazina (Variargil(R)) es un antihistamínico anti-H1 reversible inespecífico que atraviesa la barrera hematoencefálica. Actúa como anticolinérgico. Su forma de presentación es en gotas en suspensión oral. Su uso clínico está extendido a rinitis alérgica estacional, angioedema y urticaria leve a partir de los 2 años de edad, conjuntivitis alérgica e insomnio de conciliación en la infancia. Presenta una farmacocinética muy variable, somnolencia excesiva conocida como «heavy hangover» y efecto de rebote tras su retirada. No está autorizado su uso en menores de 2 años. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 19 meses que acude a Urgencias por referir somnolencia y falta de respuesta a estímulos tras la administración de alimemazina por dificultad para conciliar el sueño


Alimemazine (Variargil(R)) is a non-specific reversible anti-H1 antihistamine that crosses the blood-brain barrier. It acts as anticholinergic drug. It is marketed in drop form (oral suspension). It is used to relieve seasonal allergic rhinitis, angioedema, mild urticaria, allergic conjunctivitis, and for difficulty in falling asleep in children. It has a very variable pharmacokinetic, excessive "heavy hangover drowsiness" and rebound effect after withdrawal. It is not authorised for children under 2 years of age. The case is presented of a patient seen in the emergency room due to drowsiness and lack of response to stimuli after administration of alimemazine due to difficulties in falling asleep


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Infant , Morphine/urine , Substance Abuse Detection/standards , Trimeprazine/pharmacokinetics , Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic/pharmacokinetics , False Positive Reactions , Sensitivity and Specificity , Cross Reactions , Histamine H1 Antagonists/pharmacokinetics
5.
Rev. esp. med. legal ; 40(1): 30-38, ene.-mar. 2014.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-118763

ABSTRACT

La toxicología forense requiere resultados analíticos científicamente indiscutibles y legalmente defendibles. Disponer de datos analíticos fiables es indispensable para interpretar correctamente los resultados toxicológicos. Los criterios analíticos en toxicología forense, basados en las normativas y recomendaciones vigentes son proporcionados por prestigiosos organismos de ámbito internacional y local, y su cumplimiento es fundamental para obtener resultados toxicológicos científicamente sólidos. Este trabajo supone una continuación en la revisión y evaluación de los criterios analíticos en toxicología forense, iniciada con el anterior trabajo recientemente publicado en esta revista «Criterios cualitativos en toxicología forense». Su objetivo es contribuir a la calidad de la pericia y al avance en la unidad de criterio científico, aspectos cruciales en toxicología forense. Este trabajo revisa, evalúa y recopila los criterios para una correcta cuantificación detallándose los requisitos para validar las metodologías. Además, pretende servir a aquellos profesionales que deban evaluar resultados toxicológicos emitidos por laboratorios forenses (AU)


Forensic toxicology requires indisputable and legally defensible analytical results. Reliable analytical results are essential for the accurate interpretation of toxicological findings. Analytical criteria in forensic toxicology —based on the regulations and recommendations— are provided by prestigious international and local organizations, and their fulfilment is essential to achieve toxicological results based on solid scientific foundations. This work is a continuation of the review and assessment of analytical criteria in forensic toxicology, started with the recently published work in this journal «Qualitative criteria in forensic toxicology». It is aimed at contributing to the quality of the expert witness report and implementing common scientific criteria, both crucial aspects in forensic toxicology. The criteria necessary for an accurate quantification are reviewed, assessed and compiled in this work, detailing the requirements to validate methodologies. Moreover, this work is intended to serve those professionals who need to assess toxicological findings submitted by forensic laboratories (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , 24960/legislation & jurisprudence , 24960/methods , 24960/statistics & numerical data , Forensic Toxicology/methods , Forensic Toxicology/statistics & numerical data , Chromatography/methods , Chromatography , 24960/ethics , 24960/policies , Forensic Toxicology/instrumentation , Forensic Toxicology/organization & administration
6.
Rev. esp. med. legal ; 38(2): 68-75, abr.-jun. 2012. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-100746

ABSTRACT

La toxicología forense requiere resultados analíticos científicamente indiscutibles y legalmente defendibles. Los criterios cualitativos son proporcionados por prestigiosos organismos de ámbito internacional y local. Este trabajo revisa y evalúa los documentos elaborados por ellos, con el fin de recoger en uno solo las distintas directrices existentes. El objetivo es contribuir a la calidad de la pericia y al avance en la unidad de criterio científico, aspectos cruciales en toxicología forense para obtener resultados toxicológicos científicamente sólidos. Se discuten los criterios necesarios para una correcta detección e identificación, detallándose las estrategias de detección y los requisitos para validar las metodologías. Respecto a la identificación, se reconoce la importancia de la espectrometría de masas, y también se hace referencia a los criterios relativos a las técnicas analíticas y a los tóxicos. Esta revisión y recopilación pretende además, servir a aquellos profesionales que deban evaluar los resultados toxicológicos emitidos por los laboratorios forenses(AU)


Forensic toxicology requires indisputable and legally defensible analytical results. The qualitative criteria are provided by prestigious international and local organizations. This work reviews and evaluates them to gather in one document these different existing guidelines. The aim of this work is to contribute to the quality of the expertise and to implement the common scientific criteria. Both aspects are crucial in forensic toxicology to achieve toxicological results based on solid scientific foundations. The criteria, to be taken into consideration, for a correct detection and identification are discussed. The strategies for detection and the requirements for validation of these methodologies are detailed. The importance of mass spectrometry, as the most reliable technique for identification, is recognized. The criteria for analytical techniques and for toxics are also detailed. Moreover, this review and compendium of criteria try to serve those professionals who need to evaluate the toxicological findings submitted by the forensic laboratories(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Coroners and Medical Examiners/statistics & numerical data , Coroners and Medical Examiners/trends , Coroners and Medical Examiners , Forensic Toxicology/legislation & jurisprudence , Forensic Toxicology/methods , Forensic Toxicology/trends , Coroners and Medical Examiners/legislation & jurisprudence , Forensic Toxicology/instrumentation , Forensic Toxicology/organization & administration , Forensic Toxicology/standards , 25783/legislation & jurisprudence , 25783/methods , 25783/statistics & numerical data
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