Social Media, Anxiety and COVID-19 Lockdown Measurement Compliance.

The aim of the present research was to analyze the effect of anxiety levels during the COVID-19 pandemic in the use of social media and compliance with lockdown measures during the confinement. A total of 1723 participants (32.1% males and 77.9% females; 32.6 ± 9.2 years) were interviewed by a Spanish version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. From the results obtained, the sample was divided into two 50th percentile groups, a high anxiety group (HAG) and a low anxiety group (LAG). We found how the LAG had lower use of social networks such as Facebook and Twitter during confinement. Also, this group presented a higher rate of leaving home during the confinement and higher values in people with whom they had lived with during confinement than high anxiety group. Regardless of the lack of results in the remaining variables, the present study nuances the high levels of anxiety experienced during COVID-19 confinement. The multifactorial analysis of factors related to the perception of anxiety during COVID-19 confinement may be a useful tool to measure multiple social behaviors when examining mental health factors. Thus, explaining and preventing the psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. The present knowledge could be used to determine key intervention factors for reducing the perception of fear and anxiety.

Adaptation of Venezuelan refugees in Colombia: The mediating roles of acculturation orientations in influencing acculturation adaptations.

As of 2021, over 5.4 million Venezuelans have fled their home country in search of safety, food, medicine and access to essential services. This is the most substantial exodus in the recent history of Latin America. Colombia has received 2 million of these refugees, making it the nation host to the greatest number of Venezuelan refugees. The present research aims to examine the relations between the sociocultural and psychological factors that are associated with Psychological Adaptation of Venezuelan refugees living in Colombia. We also examined how these relations were mediated by the acculturation orientations. Among Venezuelan refugees, higher Psychological Strength, lower Perceived Discrimination, higher National Identity and higher Outgroup Social Support, were significantly associated with higher engagement with Colombian society and better Psychological Adaptation. Orientation to the host (Colombian) society mediated the association between (a) National Identity and Psychological Adaptation, (b) Outgroup Social Support and Psychological Adaptation and (c) Perceived Discrimination and Psychological Adaptation. The results may inform refugee receiving societies of some essential factors and positive strategies behind adaptation of refugees.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Disorders. A Critical Review.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the lives of the worldwide population. Citizens suffer the social, economic, physiological, and psychological effects of this pandemic. Primary sources, scientific articles, and secondary bibliographic indexes, databases, and web pages were used for a consensus critical review. The method was a narrative review of the available literature to summarize the existing literature addressing mental health concerns and stressors related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The main search engines used in the present research were PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar. We found the pandemic has had a direct impact on psychopathologies such as anxiety, increasing its ratios, and depression. Other syndromes such as burnout and post-traumatic stress disorder have increased with the pandemic, showing a larger incidence among medical personnel. Moreover, eating disorders and violence have also increased. Public authorities must prepare healthcare systems for increasing incidences of mental pathologies. Mental health apps are one of the tools that can be used to reach the general population.

Personal and Environmental Predictors of Aggression in Adolescence.

This study aims to find causal factors of aggression in a group of Latino adolescents to achieve a greater understanding of human nature, taking into account personal and contextual variables. The fundamental hypothesis is that moral disengagement, personality traits, self-esteem, values, parenting, sex, and socioeconomic situation can function as possible casual factors of aggression in adolescents. The study examined the variables using the structural equations model (SEM) to determine causal factors of aggression in a sample of 827 adolescents (54% men and 46% women) between 11 and 16 years of age. According to the scientific literature review, sociodemographic, personal, and familiar variables were included in the causal model. The influence of the variables occurred in two ways: one that inhibits aggression and the other that reinforces it. The results are discussed based on identifying protective and risk factors against aggression: biological sex and values of conformity and transcendence as aggression's inhibitors and, on the other hand, openness, moral disengagement, and leadership values as the most important predictors of aggression.

Women Facing Psychological Abuse: How Do They Respond to Maternal Identity Humiliation and Body Shaming?

This research analyzes the decisions made by women facing simulated situations of psychological abuse. Seventy-three women (36.9 ± 13.6 years) who had been victims of domestic violence participated. The analysis was based on their coping strategies, early maladaptive schemes, and their decisions in response to vignettes describing the following domestic violence situations: humiliation to women's maternal identity with children as witnesses and body shaming. We used Student's t and Mann-Whitney tests to compare the results between groups. The participants presented some coping strategies (social support seeking, wishful thinking, and professional support seeking) and several early maladaptive schemes (emotional deprivation, defectiveness/shame, social isolation/alienation, failure to achieve, attachment, and subjugation) associated with their reactions facing a situation of humiliation with children as witnesses. When the humiliation was against the body image, their reactions were associated with some coping strategies (wishful thinking, professional support seeking, autonomy, negative auto-focus coping, and positive reappraisal) and one maladaptive scheme (defectiveness/shame). Women who reacted avoidantly showed higher social and professional support seeking but experienced higher indicators of discomfort and deterioration of self-esteem than those who opted for assertive decisions. The presence of children as witnesses seems to be a factor of stress in the configuration of coping strategies and maladaptive schemes in female victims of domestic violence. The evolution of early maladaptive schemes and coping strategies requires observation to avoid the risk of isolation and permanence in victimizing relationships.

Intervención psicosocial, bienestar y capital social en comunidades con desventaja socioeconómica / Psychosocial intervention, welfare and social capital in communities with socio-economic disadvantage

Introducción: En Colombia se realizan programas de intervención psicosocial en comunidades con desventaja socioeconómica para mejorar su calidad de vida, sin embargo, no se realizan evaluaciones de impacto para medir su efectividad. Objetivo: Determinar la relación que existe entre el tiempo de exposición a procesos de intervención psicosocial en comunidades en desventaja socioeconómica, con su percepción de bienestar psicológico, bienestar social y capital social, en el área metropolitana de Barranquilla. Métodos: investigación fue de corte explicativo ex post facto, con una muestra de 135 personas mayores de 17 años. Se hizo un análisis de varianza para encontrar la dependencia entre los procesos de intervención y las variables dependientes. Resultados: Se encontró una relación de significancia entre el grupo etario de los participantes y algunas dimensiones del bienestar psicológico, del bienestar social y del capital social. No se encontraron relaciones significativas entre el tiempo de intervención y las variables dependientes mencionadas. Conclusiones: A pesar de la vulnerabilidad del entorno, las comunidades intervenidas participantes del estudio evidenciaron una percepción de bienestar psicológico y social y de valoración positiva de su capital social sin una relación significativa con el tiempo de exposición al trabajo comunitario. Los procesos de intervención psicosocial tienen el potencial suficiente para favorecer la mejora de las condiciones de las personas, grupos o comunidades, pero requieren de la implementación de procesos de evaluación que permitan hacer seguimiento a su impacto(AU)

Introduction: Colombia psychosocial intervention programs are carried out in communities with socioeconomic disadvantage to improve their quality of life; however, no impact's assessments are carried out to measure their effectiveness. Objective: Determine the relation between the time of exposure to psychosocial intervention's processes in communities at socioeconomic disadvantage, and their perception of psychological well-being, social welfare and social capital, in the metropolitan area of Barranquilla. Methods: The research was ex post facto explanatory one, with a sample of 135 people over the age of 17. A variance analysis was done to find the dependency between intervention processes and dependent variables. Results: A relationship of significance was found between the age group of the participants and some dimensions of psychological well-being, social welfare and social capital. No significant relationships were found between the intervention time and the dependent variables mentioned. Conclusions: Despite the vulnerability of the environment, the communities involved in the study demonstrated a perception of psychological and social well-being and positive assessment of their social capital without a significant relationship with the time of exposure to community work. Psychosocial intervention's processes have sufficient potential to promote the improvement of the conditions of individuals, groups or communities, but they require the implementation of assessment processes that allow to follow up on their impact(AU)

Gender, Anxiety, and Legitimation of Violence in Adolescents Facing Simulated Physical Aggression at School.

We analyzed gender and anxiety differences in middle school students facing a physical peer aggression situation. The participants were 1147 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years (male: n = 479; female: n = 668) who watched a 12 s animation representing the situation and filled out a questionnaire to analyze the legitimation of violent behaviors and anxiety levels. We registered their decisions to solve the situation using a categorical scale that included assertive, avoidant, aggressive, submissive, and supportive behaviors. Gender was not associated with the adolescent's behaviors in facing a simulated peer aggression situation. However, male teenagers tended to perceive adults as sanctioners and neutrals; those who used the diffusion of responsibility and dehumanization to justify their behavior also showed a higher state of anxiety. Female teenagers who expected legitimation from their peers, presented higher anxiety as well. Educational interventions may use these results, helping adolescents to understand that their acts have substantial implications in the lives of others. It is essential to develop group interventions that modify how adolescents manage their conflicts and change gender stereotypes that significantly impact health. We highlight the need for linking families in educational programs facing the challenges of transforming the legitimization of violence in parental practices.

Cognitive Functioning, Life Satisfaction, and Their Relationship with the Financial Attitudes of Older Individuals Who Participate in an Active Aging Program.

Life expectancy has increased in many countries throughout the world over recent years, leading to new challenges related to aging. A large part of the population is over 60 years old, and therefore studies that focus on financial autonomy and active aging are necessary. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between cognitive functioning and life satisfaction in relation to financial attitudes in a sample of 251 elderly adults (71% women) participating in an active aging program (M = 67.5, SD = 4.5). We used the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Satisfaction with Life scale, and a questionnaire about financial attitudes to gather data. Our results show that cognitive functioning and life satisfaction are related to certain financial attitudes. We also observed differences associated with gender, education level, and financial independence. According to our findings, life satisfaction should be taken into account when the financial attitudes of older adults are evaluated. The importance of support groups for the elderly is highlighted as well as of all those recreation and health programs, since they constitute a means of promoting well-being.

Estrategias de adaptación y prácticas de cuidado en comunidades desplazadas climáticas: caso colombiano / Estratégias de adaptação e práticas de cuidados em comunidades deslocadas pelo clima: caso colombiano / Adaptation strategies and care practices among climate-displaced communities: colombian case

RESUMEN. El desplazamiento climático puede constituir un desafío para el desarrollo infantil, dado que las estrategias adoptadas por las familias y la comunidad, así como aquellas iniciativas o medidas institucionales para garantizar la supervivencia en este nuevo orden, no siempre se orientan al desarrollo integral de los infantes. Las prácticas de cuidado se ven afectadas por los dramáticos cambios a los que se enfrentan las familias en situación de desplazamiento, traduciéndose en la ruptura o transformación repentina de la cotidianidad. En ese sentido, el proyecto que se presenta, buscó conocer los retos en materia de cuidado infantil tras la ola invernal de 2010-2011, tomando como caso de estudio, las comunidades afectadas en el sur del departamento del Atlántico en Colombia.

RESUMO. As mudanças climáticas podem constituir um agravamento para o desenvolvimento infantil, dado que as estratégias adotadas pelas famílias e comunidade, assim como as iniciativas e medidas institucionais para garantir a sobrevivência nesta nova ordem, nem sempre são adequadas ao desenvolvimento integral das crianças. As práticas de cuidados são afetadas pelas mudanças dramáticas enfrentadas pelas famílias em situações de deslocamento, resultando na quebra repentina ou transformação da vida cotidiana. Neste sentido, o projeto apresentado, procurou conhecer os desafios da assistência à infância após o inverno de 2010-2011, tomando como estudo de caso, as comunidades afetadas no sul do departamento do Atlântico na Colômbia.

ABSTRACT. Climate displacement may be challenging to child development, since strategies adopted by families and communities, as well as those public initiatives and measures in order to ensure survival in this new order, are not always oriented to infants' full development. Care practices are affected by the dramatic changes faced by displaced families, resulting in a sudden rupture or transformation in everyday life. In this regard, the following project seeks to identify the challenges in terms of care after the 2010-2011 rainy season, taking as its point of reference the case of the communities affected in the South of the department of Atlántico in Colombia.

Crianza y desconexión moral en infantes: Su relación en una comunidad vulnerable de Barranquilla / Relationship between child-rearing and moral disconnection among infants in a vulnerable community in Barranquilla: a relação desses fatores em uma comunidade vulnerável de Barranquilla / Criança e desconexão moral na infância

Las prácticas de crianza delimitan relaciones de influencia que pueden representar un riesgo para el desarrollo de conductas problemáticas en los infantes. Se realizó una investigación que correlacionó las prácticas de crianza de familias en una comunidad vulnerable de la ciudad de Barranquilla, con los mecanismos de desconexión moral que emplean sus hijos al afrontar conflictos. Se encontró un nivel favorable en las prácticas implementadas por las familias y una baja tendencia de los niños hacia el uso de la violencia. Se encontraron correlaciones positivas y negativas entre algunas prácticas de crianza y casos donde los niños se desconectaron moralmente. Cuando los padres instan a usar la violencia en el manejo de las relaciones interpersonales, los niños emplean formas menos empáticas de desconexión moral, como la deshumanización y la culpabilización de la víctima.

Child-rearing practices delimit relations of influence that may represent a risk in the development of behavioral problems in children. This research correlated childrearing practices of families from a vulnerable community in Barranquilla with the mechanisms of moral disengagement used by their children to deal with conflicts. A favorable level was found in the practices implemented by families with children that have a low propensity towards the use of violence. Positive and negative correlations were identified between child-rearing practices and some cases in which children were morally disconnected. When parents promote the use of violence in managing interpersonal relationships children use less empathetic forms of moral disengagement, such as dehumanization and victim blaming.

As práticas parentais delimitam relações de influência, que podem representar um risco ao desenvolvimento de atitudes problemáticas nas crianças. Esta é uma pesquisa que relaciona as práticas de criação dos filhos nas famílias em uma comunidade vulnerável na cidade de Barranquilla com os mecanismos de desconexão moral utilizadas pelos filhos ao lidar com conflitos. Foi encontrado um número significativamente positivo de práticas implementadas pelas famílias e uma baixa tendência destas crianças em relação ao uso da violência. Foram encontradas relações positivas e negativas entre algumas práticas de criação e casos nos quais as crianças se desconectaram moralmente. Quando os pais usam a violência no manejo de suas relações interpessoais, seus filhos empregam formas menos empáticas de desconexão moral, como a desumanização e a culpabilização da vítima.

Beliefs about poverty related to social categorization in childhood / Creencias sobre la pobreza relacionadas con la categorización social en la infancia

The aim of this study was to determine whether the social categorization of poverty during childhood is based on essentialist beliefs. The study included 121 children, aged 5 to 7, from different socioeconomic backgrounds living in the city of Barranquilla, Colombia. The children stated that the nature of this social category is based on situations external to the individuals rather than essentialist reasons. No significant differences were found as regards age, gender or socioeconomic status (SES), except in the capacity of the respondents to self-categorize their social status. Children who find fewer differences between members and non-members of a given category tend to err in their self-categorization, which is important for the prevention of social exclusion.

El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si la categorización social sobre la pobreza en la infancia está basada en creencias esencialistas. El estudio incluyó a 121 niños de entre 5 y 7 años de edad, de distinto nivel socioeconómico y residentes en la ciudad de Barranquilla, Colombia. Los niños plantearon que la naturaleza de esta categoría social está basada en situaciones externas a los individuos, en lugar de atribuirla a razones de tipo esencialista. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas relacionadas con la edad, el sexo o el nivel socioeconómico, a excepción de la capacidad de autocategorizarse de acuerdo con su estatus social. Los niños que encuentran menos diferencias entre los miembros de la categoría y quienes no lo son tienden a equivocarse en la autocategorización, lo cual resulta importante para la prevención de la exclusión social.

Construcción de la Escala de Factores Personales de Resiliencia (FPR-1) en mujeres víctimas del desplazamiento forzado en Colombia / Construction of Factores Personales de Resiliencia Scale (FPR'1) in Victim's Woman of Forced Displacement in Colombia

La escala FPR-1 se desarrolló con el fin de analizar los factores personales de resiliencia en un grupo de 113 mujeres desplazadas por la violencia en Colombia. Para esto, se llevó a cabo un estudio cuantitativo, explicativo, de corte psicométrico. El análisis factorial de la Escala señala la presencia de 13 factores latentes en torno a los cuales se organiza la información. Se encontró que las mujeres más resilientes son las adultas intermedias, seguidas de las mujeres mayores, mientras que las mujeres jóvenes tienden a la inconsistencia. Se destaca que la presencia de actitudes resilientes es explicada especialmente en relación con el altruismo y la apertura a los demás.

The PRF-1 scale was developed to analyze the personal factors of resilience in a group of 113 women displaced by violence in Colombia. For this we conducted a psychometric cutting, quantitative and explanatory study. Factor analysis of the scale indicates the presence of 13 latent factors around which the information is organized. We found out that women are more resilient at intermediate and older age, while young women are inconsistent. It's note that the presence of resilient attitudes is explained especially in relation to altruism and openness to others.

Legitimación de la violencia en la infancia: un abordaje desde el enfoque ecológico de Bronfenbrenner / Legitimation of the violence in childhood: an approach based on the ecological perspective of Bronfenbrenner

Este trabajo analiza desde el enfoque ecológico del desarrollo humano los diversos contextos en los cuales se presenta la violencia y cómo en ellos se llevan a cabo procesos de legitimación que la perpetúan a lo largo del tiempo, lo cual afecta especialmente a la niñez y las nuevas generaciones. En primer lugar, se dilucida las diferencias entre agresión y violencia, para posteriormente definir el proceso de legitimación desde el contexto histórico, la comunidad, la familia y los medios de comunicación, hasta llegar a la forma como las creencias legitimadoras se facilitan en la cognición infantil. Se analizan las bases psicológicas de la legitimación y los mecanismos mediante los cuales opera, comprendidos a través del concepto de desconexión moral, introducido por Bandura.

This paper analyzes from the ecology of human development, the con-texts in which violence occurs and how the processes of legitimation perpetuate violence over time especially affecting children and future generations. First, it elucidates the differences between aggression and violence, later to define the process of legitimation from the historical context, the community, family and mass media. Finally it is explained how legitimating beliefs are given in infant cognition. It discusses the psychological bases of legitimation and the mechanisms through which it operates, including the concept of moral disengagement introduced by Bandura.

Nuevo abordaje de la salud considerando la resiliencia / New approach to health considering the resilience

Resumen Este es un artículo de reflexión en torno al concepto de salud, su evolución y consideraciones actuales desde el modelo de la psicología positiva, haciendo especial énfasis en el concepto de Resiliencia, entendida como la capacidad humana para enfrentar, sobreponerse y ser fortalecido o transformado por experiencias de adversidad. Los trabajos sobre la resiliencia apuntan a darles respuesta a estas preguntas: ¿Cómo desarrollar la resiliencia, lograr salir adelante frente a situaciones adversas, traumatismos o amenazas graves y desarrollarse armoniosa y positivamente? Las conclusiones hoy permiten establecer que la resiliencia no es una característica absoluta, ni se adquiere para siempre, más bien es el resultado de un proceso dinámico, con variaciones en función de la naturaleza del trauma, el contexto y la etapa de la vida en que ocurre. El objetivo de la discusión fue reivindicar en el abordaje de la salud ese sujeto dotado de potencialidades para la superación de la adversidad, y desde la psicología, con qué herramientas cuenta para dicha reivindicación. Se concluye que la resiliencia se sustenta en la interacción entre la persona y el entorno, lo cual permite que nunca sea absoluta ni terminantemente estable, razón por la cual el enfoque se debe complementar con el de riesgo con el fin de fomentar un desarrollo sano. La necesidad de considerar esta epistemología del desarrollo humano atiende a las particularidades del contexto y plantea la responsabilidad multidisciplinaria de promoción de la salud y la calidad de vida.

Abstract The following is a reflection article about of the concept of health, its evolution and current considerations based in the positive psychology model, with particular emphasis on the concept of resilience, defined as the human capacity to face, overcome and be strengthened or transformed by experiences of adversity. Resilience studies point to give answers to these questions: How to develop resilience, achieve its way through adversity, trauma, or serious threats and develop harmonious and positively? Today conclusions establish that resilience is not an absolute characteristic, nor is acquired forever, but rather the result of a dynamic process, with variations depending on the nature of the trauma, the context and stage of the life where it happens. The aim of the discussion was the claim in addressing health, the subject endowed with potential for overcoming adversity and from psychology, with what tools account for such a claim. We conclude that resilience is based on the interaction between the person and the environment, allowing never be absolute or absolutely stable, reason why the approach should be complemented with the concept of risk in order to promote healthy development. The need to consider this epistemology of human development attends to the particularities of context and suggests multidisciplinary responsibility to promote health and quality of life.

Bienestar y trauma en personas adultas desplazadas por la violencia política / Well-being and trauma in adults displaced by political violence

La presente investigación ha estudiado el Bienestar psicológico, Subjetivo y Social, el Fatalismo, y el Trauma y Cogniciones Irracionales Postraumáticas, en personas adultas desplazadas por la violencia sociopolítica, radicadas en la ciudad de Barranquilla, Colombia. Los resultados indican que si bien las personas víctimas del desplazamiento forzado, presentan innegables síntomas de trauma con un matiz psicosocial, también se encuentran en ellos elementos asociados a la Salud Mental.

This study studied Subjective and Objective Psychological Well-being, andFatalism, Trauma and Irrational Posttraumatic Cognitions, in adults displaced by socio-political violence, living in Barranquilla, Colombia. Outcomes suggest that people who have been victims of forced displacement exhibit undeniable symptoms of psychosocial trauma, and that they also have elements associated to Mental Health.