Feeding Habits in the Cultural Domains of Child Care: Elements for Health Promotion.

Introduction: Family eating behavior is determined by the meaning that the caretaker gives to food and the act of eating in the domestic environment, as well as the beliefs and perceptions around those concepts. Objective: Identify the place that nutrition has within the dimensions of child care, the specific weight that the caregiver gives to it within the range of actions deployed and if there are differences when the child exhibits neurodevelopmental disorders, as a contribution to the design of interventions in health promotion. Methodology: Qualitative, exploratory, two-stage study, with the approach of cognitive anthropology; proposal sampling of maximum differences, 121 informants participated in three groups, caregivers of: (1) healthy children, (2) children who had been hospitalized between 3 and 6 months prior to the time of the interview, and (3) children with a diagnosis of permanent neurological injury and that express some type of neurodevelopmental disorder. Results: Nourishment is the element that reaches the highest values of cultural relevance in the three groups, is located in different domains according to the condition of the care receiver. Conclusion: The common domains are Well-being, Health Maintenance, Coexistence, and Security, in the 3rd group the domain of Socialization emerges, the elements that make up the conceptual dimensions were identified, the comparative design allowed to identify differences. The description of the domains can represent the cognitive spaces of educational intervention and the elements that configure them are the triggers of the interaction, due to the importance they are given in everyday life.

Differential Methylation in Promoter Regions of the Genes NR3C1 and HSP90AA1, Involved in the Regulation, and Bioavailability of Cortisol in Leukocytes of Women With Preeclampsia.

Introduction: Hypertensive disorders are of interest in obstetrics and gynecology because they are the second place among causes of maternal mortality and a source of complications in the short, mid, and long term. Even if the pathophysiological process behind preeclampsia (PE) is still unknown, stress factors have been revealed to play an important role in the genesis of this pathologic process. Methods: A case-control study was designed with the purpose of determining if there is a differential methylation in NR3C1, HSD11B2, CYP11A1, CRHBP, TEAD3, and HSP90AA1 genes, related to signaling of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and its regulation on early-onset PE (EOPE). Results: A total of 20 cases and 20 controls were studied by DNA methylation analysis, demonstrating differences among groups in the percentage of methylation of the NR3C1 gene. After a contingency analysis, an odds ratio (OR) for PE of 12.25 was identified for NR3C1 and 9.9 for HSP90AA1 genes. NR3C1, TEAD3, and HSP90AA1 genes showed a positive correlation with the systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels with a p ≤ 0.05. Conclusion: This study found a differential methylation in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) NR3C1 and its co-chaperone HSP90AA1 in women with PE, with a possible regulatory role in the response to stress in pregnancy and is a likely physiopathological mechanism in PE.

Propiedades psicométricas de la CES-D/IS en población universitaria de la ciudad de Durango, México / Psychometric properties of CES-D/IS in university population in Durango city, México

Introduction Depression has been frequently related with suicidal behavior. Evidences of depressive symptoms in adolescents and young people with suicidal ideation or suicidal intention have been showed in several studies. For that reason, it is necessary to have an adequate instrument to measure and identify some characteristics associated with self-destructive behavior in university students. Objective To evaluate the psychometric properties of CES-D/IS in students at the University Juarez of the State of Durango (UJED). Material and Methods The universe of study selected for the schooling period of 2008 consisted of 943 students from 13 academic units. CES-D/IS scale was applied. Before the interview informed consent was obtained from all the participants and they were informed about the nature and scope of the study. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to evaluate the instrument validity, and Cronbach alpha for internal consistency. Further analysis included Student t-test and Mann-Withney U test. A p-value below 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. The data were analyzed with SPSS, version 15 and R v 2.7.2. Results The total scale showed a high value of internal consistency (α=0.89), and similar results for academic areas, for age and sex. Factor analysis showed a four-factor structure that accounted for 45.5% of variance Conclusions CES-D/IS scale has adequate psychometric properties in reliability and in validity.

Introducción La depresión es un aspecto que constantemente se ha relacionado con la conducta suicida. La sintomatología depresiva ha sido evidenciada en varios estudios donde ha estado presente en adolescentes y jóvenes con pensamientos e intentos de suicidio. Por esta razón es de suma prioridad e interés el contar con un instrumento válido y confiable para la identificación y la medición de características relacionadas con la conducta autodestructiva en estudiantes universitarios. Objetivo Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la CES-D/IS, mediante su aplicación a estudiantes de nivel licenciatura de la Universidad Juárez del estado de Durango (UJED). Material y métodos El estudio incluyó a 943 estudiantes de 13 unidades académicas durante el periodo escolarizado de 2008. Se aplicó la escala CES-D/ IS. Se solicitó a los participantes el consentimiento informado y se les aseguró el manejo confidencial de los datos. Para medir la validez del instrumento se utilizó el análisis factorial exploratorio, se evaluó la consistencia interna mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, se emplearon estadísticos descriptivos, t de Student y U de Mann-Whitney para inferencias al 0.05. Los datos se procesaron con los paquetes estadísticos SPSS v15 y R v 2.7.2. Resultados La escala presentó una consistencia interna de α=0.89. El índice resultó homogéneo cuando se analizó por área de estudio, edad y sexo. El análisis factorial mostró cuatro factores con el 45.5% de la varianza explicada. Conclusiones La escala CES-D/IS, presentó buenas propiedades tanto en su confiabilidad como en su validez.

Genesis of preeclampsia: an epidemiological approach.

THERE ARE ANALYZED SOME OF THE MAIN ASPECTS RELATED TO THE CAUSALITY OF PREECLAMPSIA, PRIVILEGING TWO TYPES OF MODELS: the clinic model and the epidemiologic model, first one represented by the hypothesis of the reduced placental perfusion and the second one considering the epidemiologic findings related to the high levels of psychosocial stress and its association with preeclampsia. It is reasoned out the relevance of raising the causality of the disease from an interdisciplinary perspective, integrating the valuable information generated from both types, clinical and epidemiologic, and finally a tentative explanatory model of preeclampsia is proposed, the subclinical and sociocultural aspects that predispose and trigger the disease are emphasized making aspects to stand out: the importance of reduced placental perfusion as an indicator of individual risk, and the high levels of physiological stress, as a result of the unfavorable conditions of the psychosocial surroundings (indicator of population risk) of the pregnant women.

[Breast feeding and the incidence of acute diarrhea during the first three months of life]. / Lactancia materna y diarrea aguda en los primeros tres meses de vida.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of exclusive breastfeeding and its interactions with selected socioeconomic factors, on the incidence of acute infantile diarrhea during the first three months of life. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study with a follow up of three months was conducted in 327 mother and child pairs, living in the city of Durango, Mexico, between April and June 1994. Data analyses included simple univariate and bivariate cross-tabulations, as well as multivariate logistic regression models with random effects. RESULTS: Infants who were not exclusively breastfed were at a significantly increased risk of having acute diarrhea during early infancy (ORcombined breastfeeding=3.23; 95% CI 1.84-5.68 and ORartificial breastfeeding=4.36; 95% CI 2.32-8.19). Moreover, the protective effect of breastfeeding was independent from the effects of the following factors: poor maternal education, lack of social support for baby care, and being an adolescent mother. However, lack of potable water and lack of sewerage were potential effect modifiers of type of lactation deltaG=9.26; p=0.09; ORno water/no sewerage= 2.58; 95% CI 1.10-6.03 in the final multivariate model), for simultaneous lack of potable water and sewerage, which is greater than the sum of the individual OR for each variable. CONCLUSIONS: Similar to previous studies, exclusive breastfeeding was found to have great importance, since this practice protects the child's health and allows for a better development, despite unfavorable social and economic conditions. In particular, it seems that the protection conferred by breastfeeding is stronger when home conditions are poor, but this same condition presents an intervention opportunity, particularly the assurance of potable water provision for the infant when breastfeeding is not an option.

Lactancia materna y diarrea aguda en los primeros tres meses de vida / Breast feeding and the incidence of acute diarrhea during the first three months of life

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto de la lactancia materna exclusiva y sus interacciones con algunos factores socioeconómicos, en relación con la incidencia de diarrea aguda durante los primeros tres meses de la vida. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: En la ciudad de Durango, México, en 1994 se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohorte con tres meses de seguimiento; la muestra estuvo compuesta por 327 parejas de madre y recién nacido, residentes de la ciudad de Durango, durante el periodo abril-junio de 1994. Para el análisis se utilizaron técnicas descriptivas, análisis bivariados y modelos multivariados de regresión logística con efectos aleatorios. RESULTADOS: Los niños que no reciben lactancia exclusiva al seno materno tienen un riesgo significativamente elevado de padecer diarrea aguda desde el inicio de la vida (RMlactancia mixta= 3.23; IC 95 por ciento 1.84-5.68 y RMlactancia artificial=4.36; IC 95 por ciento 2.32-8.19). Además, el efecto protector de la lactancia al seno materno es independiente del que tienen factores de riesgo tales como la educación materna deficiente, la falta de apoyo social y el hecho de que la madre sea adolescente. Sin embargo, en el caso especial del saneamiento ambiental encontramos evidencia de una posible modificación del efecto respecto al tipo de lactancia (deltaG=9.26; p=0.09), que se traduce en una razón de momios para la carencia de agua y drenaje mayor que la suma de las RM para cada condición por separado (RMno agua/no drenaje = 2.58; IC 95 por ciento 1.10-6.03, en el modelo multivariante final). CONCLUSIONES: Al igual que estudios previos encontramos que la lactancia exclusiva al seno materno tiene una gran importancia, a pesar de que en el entorno persistan condiciones adversas ligadas a la pobreza y al subdesarrollo socioeconómico. En especial, parece que la protección que confiere la lactancia al seno es todavía mayor cuando se carece de las condiciones básicas de saneamiento, lo cual, a su vez, se traduce en oportunidades de intervención como el aseguramiento de la provisión de agua potable para el recién nacido.

Situación psicosocial de las adolescentes y toxemias del embarazo / Psychosocial conditions of adolescents with toxemia of pregnancy

Objetivo. Conocer la situación psicosocial percibida durante la gestación por dos grupos de adolescentes; uno de ellos, conformado por mujeres con diagnóstico de enfermedad hipertensiva inducida por el embarazo y, el otro, constituido por mujeres cualificadas como "sanas". Material y métodos. Se eligió un diseño de casos y controles. De las adolescentes gestantes que acudieron para la resolución de su embarazo al Hospital General de la ciudad de Durango, Durango, en los periodos de julio de 1996 a febrero de 1997, y de septiembre de 1998 a enero de 1999, se seleccionaron 39 casos y 88 controles de acuerdo con criterios explícitos del estudio, a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario semiestructurado para la identificación de: estresores psicosociales, apoyo psicosocial, respuestas de enfrentamiento, intencionalidad, deseo y aceptación del embarazo, estado anímico y calidad de convivencia durante el mismo. Para el análisis de los datos, además de los procedimientos descriptivos, se estimó c2 y la razón de momios con intervalos de confianza a 95 por ciento. Resultados. Las características sociodemográficas y ginecobstétricas de ambos grupos fueron similares; la percepción de fuentes de estrés fue mayor en el grupo de casos y la de fuentes de apoyo favoreció al grupo control, el estado anímico positivo y la convivencia satisfactoria durante el embarazo fueron referidos más frecuentemente con valores estadísticamente significativos, por las integrantes del grupo control. Conclusiones. Se identificaron diferencias cualitativas en la percepción de los escenarios psicosociales por las mujeres participantes en el estudio, observándose una evaluación más favorable, esta-dísticamente significativa, por el grupo control.