An Overview of Cannabidiol as a Multifunctional Drug: Pharmacokinetics and Cellular Effects.

Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound derived from Cannabis Sativa, has garnered increasing attention for its diverse therapeutic potential. This comprehensive review delves into the complex pharmacokinetics of CBD, including factors such as bioavailability, distribution, safety profile, and dosage recommendations, which contribute to the compound's pharmacological profile. CBD's role as a pharmacological inhibitor is explored, encompassing interactions with the endocannabinoid system and ion channels. The compound's anti-inflammatory effects, influencing the Interferon-beta and NF-κB, position it as a versatile candidate for immune system regulation and interventions in inflammatory processes. The historical context of Cannabis Sativa's use for recreational and medicinal purposes adds depth to the discussion, emphasizing CBD's emergence as a pivotal phytocannabinoid. As research continues, CBD's integration into clinical practice holds promise for revolutionizing treatment approaches and enhancing patient outcomes. The evolution in CBD research encourages ongoing exploration, offering the prospect of unlocking new therapeutic utility.

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Action of Cannabidiol.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is the primary non-psychoactive chemical from Cannabis Sativa, a plant used for centuries for both recreational and medicinal purposes. CBD lacks the psychotropic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and has shown great therapeutic potential. CBD exerts a wide spectrum of effects at a molecular, cellular, and organ level, affecting inflammation, oxidative damage, cell survival, pain, vasodilation, and excitability, among others, modifying many physiological and pathophysiological processes. There is evidence that CBD may be effective in treating several human disorders, like anxiety, chronic pain, psychiatric pathologies, cardiovascular diseases, and even cancer. Multiple cellular and pre-clinical studies using animal models of disease and several human trials have shown that CBD has an overall safe profile. In this review article, we summarize the pharmacokinetics data, the putative mechanisms of action of CBD, and the physiological effects reported in pre-clinical studies to give a comprehensive list of the findings and major effects attributed to this compound.

Genetic Deletion of Galectin-3 Alters the Temporal Evolution of Macrophage Infiltration and Healing Affecting the Cardiac Remodeling and Function after Myocardial Infarction in Mice.

We studied the role of galectin-3 (Gal-3) in the expression of alternative activation markers (M2) on macrophage, cytokines, and fibrosis through the temporal evolution of healing, ventricular remodeling, and function after myocardial infarction (MI). C57BL/6J and Gal-3 knockout mice (Lgals3-/-) were subjected to permanent coronary ligation or sham. We studied i) mortality, ii) macrophage infiltration and expression of markers of alternative activation, iii) cytokine, iv) matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity, v) fibrosis, and vi) cardiac function and remodeling. At 1 week post-MI, lack of Gal-3 markedly attenuated F4/80+ macrophage infiltration and significantly increased the expression of Mrc1 and Chil1, markers of M2 macrophages at the MI zone. Levels of IL-10, IL-6, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 were significantly increased, whereas tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-ß, and fibrosis were remarkably attenuated at the infarct zone. In Gal-3 knockout mice, scar thinning ratio, expansion, and cardiac remodeling and function were severely affected from the onset of MI. At 4 weeks post-MI, the natural evolution of fibrosis in Gal-3 knockout mice was also affected. Our results suggest that Gal-3 is essential for wound healing because it regulates the dynamics of macrophage infiltration, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression, and fibrosis along the temporal evolution of MI in mice. The deficit of Gal-3 affected the dynamics of wound healing, thus aggravating the evolution of remodeling and function.

Efecto del déficit de galectina-3 sobre la remodelación ventricular posoclusión coronaria en ratones / Effect of Galectin-3 Deficit on Ventricular Remodeling After Coronary Occlusion in Mice

Introducción: La galectina-3 (Gal-3) es una lectina que regula la respuesta inmune. Sin embargo, su rol en la remodelación y la función ventricular posinfarto de miocardio (IM) se desconoce. Objetivo: Estudiar si el déficit de Gal-3 empeora la remodelación y la función ventricular pos-IM en ratones. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron ratones machos Gal-3 KO y su respectivo control C57 con ligadura de la coronaria descendente anterior o sham. Se conformaron cuatro grupos experimentales: C57 sham, Gal-3 KO sham, C57 IM y Gal-3 KO IM. A los 7 días poscirugía se les realizó ecocardiografía seguida de eutanasia y autopsia; se cuantificó el tamaño del IM y la fibrosis en cortes teñidos con tricrómico de Masson y picrosirius red, respectivamente, el infiltrado de macrófagos y la expresión de IL-6. Resultados: Los diámetros del ventrículo izquierdo se incrementaron significativamente en el grupo C57 IM respecto del sham y dicho incremento fue aún mayor en el grupo Gal-3 KO IM. Además, la fracción de eyección disminuyó desde 47% ± 2% a 37% ± 3% en C57 IM y Gal-3 KO IM, respectivamente (p < 0,02). El tamaño del IM aumentó desde 39,4% ± 5% en los ratones C57 IM a 66,8% ± 5% en los animales Gal-3 KO (p = 0,002). El infiltrado de macrófagos y la fibrosis en el área del IM se redujeron en los ratones Gal-3 KO IM (p < 0,001 C57 IM vs. Gal-3 KO IM), mientras que la concentración de IL-6 en la pared libre del ventrículo izquierdo fue similar entre grupos (p = ns). Conclusiones: La deleción de Gal-3 es un factor importante para la cinética del proceso reparativo regulando el infiltrado de macrófagos y el grado de fibrosis de la zona infartada, como también en la evolución temprana de la remodelación pos-IM.

Background: Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a lectin that regulates the immune response. However, its role in remodeling and ventricular function after myocardial infarction (MI) is unknown. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze whether Gal-3 deficit impairs remodeling and ventricular function after MI in mice. Methods: Male Gal-3 KO mice and their respective C57 controls underwent anterior descending coronary artery ligation or sham operation. Animals were then divided into four experimental groups: 1) C57 sham; 2) Gal-3 KO sham; 3) C57 MI and 4) Gal-3 KO MI. Seven days after surgery, an echocardiography was performed followed by euthanasia. Heart samples were collected to measure MI size and fibrosis using Masson's trichrome and picrosirius red, respectively, and assess macrophage infiltration and IL-6 expression. Results: Left ventricular diameters were significantly increased in the C57 MI group compared with sham animals and the increase was even higher in the Gal-3 KO MI group. Moreover, ejection fraction decreased to 47%±2% in C57 MI and 37%±3% in Gal-3 KO MI mice (p<0.02), and infarct size increased from 39.4%±5% in C57 MI to 66.8%±5% in Gal-3 KO MI animals (p=0.002). Macrophage infiltration and fibrosis in the MI area were significantly reduced in Gal-3 KO MI mice (p<0.001 C57 MI vs. Gal-3KO MI) without changes of IL-6 concentration in the left ventricular free wall (p=ns). Conclusions: Gal-3 gene deletion is an important factor in repair kinetics, regulating macrophage infiltration and the degree of fibrosis in the infarct area, as well as early remodeling after MI.