ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The study is aimed at assessing social inequities in the location of polluting industries in the Basque Country, and at exploring if the effect on mortality of living near air polluting industries is modified by economic deprivation. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional ecological study that uses the census sections as analysis units. Mortality from all causes, lung cancer, respiratory diseases and ischaemic heart disease were studied. Ordinal logistic regression models were fitted to assess if proximity of census sections to polluting industries is associated with deprivation. Bayesian Poisson regression models were used to explore if the association between proximity to polluting industries and mortality is modified by socio-economic deprivation. RESULTS: Proximity to a polluting industry and deprivation are positively associated, showing a clear gradient across deprivation quintiles. In women, the risk associated with proximity to metal-processing industries grows as the deprivation of the area increases in the case of total and lung cancer mortality. In men, the interaction terms between proximity and deprivation are positive for total, ischaemic heart disease mortality, with a credibility level approaching 90%. High levels of deprivation are associated with greater risk of mortality, excepting lung cancer in women. CONCLUSION: There is a higher proportion of more deprived census sections around polluting industries in the Basque Country. Risks of mortality associated with proximity to polluting industries tend to be higher in more deprived areas.
Subject(s)
Air Pollution/adverse effects , Environmental Exposure , Heart Diseases/mortality , Industry , Lung Neoplasms/mortality , Poverty Areas , Respiration Disorders/mortality , Adult , Bayes Theorem , Censuses , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Models, Theoretical , Mortality/trends , Psychosocial Deprivation , Residence Characteristics , Socioeconomic Factors , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The health effects of air pollution have been analyzed in numerous studies over recent years, thus having made it possible to quantify the relationship between the two. This study is aimed at analyzing the theoretical benefits which would be achieved by meeting the air quality objectives set forth under EC Directive 1999/30/EC with regard to suspended particles. METHODS: The exposure measurement was taken for Black Smoke (Barcelona, Bilbao, Valencia) and suspended particles under 10 microm (PM10) (Bilbao, Madrid y Sevilla). The health indicators calculated were the mortality due to all causes and respiratory and cardiovascular causes, and emergency hospital admissions and mortality due to respiratory and cardiovascular causes. In the case of PM10 the impact has been calculated because its effects to short-term, within a period of up to 40 days following exposure, and to long-term. For Black Smoke the effects only has been calculated to short-term. RESULTS: The daily levels of PM10 from exceeding 50 microg/m3 in Bilbao, Madrid and Sevilla cause the earlier death of 1.4/100,000 individuals per year because its effects. The effect within a period of up to 40 days following exposure is of 2.8 deaths/100,000. The total number of deaths per year which may be later due to long-term exposure if the yearly average is lowered to 20 microg/m3 is 68/100,000. CONCLUSIONS: The health impact of the current air pollution levels is quantifiable and is not insignificant. APHEIS and the impact evaluations may be of aid in healthcare planning and environmental policies.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollution/analysis , Cities , Environmental Exposure , Epidemiologic Studies , Humans , Public Health , SpainABSTRACT
Fundamento: Los efectos de la contaminación atmosféricasobre la salud han sido objeto en los últimos años de numerosos estudiosque han permitido cuantificar la asociación entre ambas El objetivode este trabajo es llevar a cabo la Evaluación del Impacto enSalud (EIS) calculando los beneficios que se obtendrían al cumplirlos objetivos establecidos por la Directiva 1999/30/CE en relacióncon las partículas en suspensión.Métodos: Se ha valorado el impacto en salud de la contaminación atmosférica por partículas en suspensión, para lo que se han utilizadodos indicadores distintos: Humos Negros (HN) (Barcelona,Bilbao, Valencia) y partículas en suspensión menores de 10 mm(PM10) (Bilbao, Madrid y Sevilla). Los indicadores de salud fueronla mortalidad por todas las causas, por causa respiratoria y por causacardiovascular, e ingresos hospitalarios urgentes por causa respiratoriay cardiovascular. El EIS se ha realizado mediante el cálculo de lafracción atribuible a la contaminación por partículas. En el caso dePM10 se ha calculado el impacto debido a efectos de la contaminación a corto plazo, los acumulados hasta 40 días después, y a largoplazo. Para HN únicamente se han calculado efectos a corto plazo.Resultados: Los niveles diarios de PM10 por encima de 50µg/m3 en Bilbao, Madrid y Sevilla son responsables de 1,4 muertesprematuras por 100.000 habitantes y año debido a sus efectos a cortoplazo y de 2,8 muertes/100.000 en un periodo de hasta 40 días trasla exposición. A largo plazo, el número de muertes prematuras atribuiblesa la contaminación media anual de PM10 por encima de 20µg/m3 es 68/100.000.Conclusiones: El impacto en salud de los niveles actuales decontaminación atmosférica es cuantificable y no despreciable.APHEIS y las evaluaciones de impacto pueden ayudar a la planificación sanitaria y a las políticas medioambientales
Background: The health effects of air pollution have beenanalyzed in numerous studies over recent years, thus having madeit possible to quantify the relationship between the two. This studyis aimed at analyzing the theoretical benefits which would be achievedby meeting the air quality objectives set forth under EC Directive1999/30/EC with regard to suspended particles.Methods: The exposure measurement was taken for Black Smoke(Barcelona, Bilbao, Valencia) and suspended particles under 10mm (PM10) (Bilbao, Madrid y Sevilla). The health indicators calculatedwere the mortality due to all causes and respiratory and cardiovascularcauses, and emergency hospital admissions and mortalitydue to respiratory and cardiovascular causes. In the case of PM10 theimpact has been calculated because its effects to short-term, within aperiod of up to 40 days following exposure, and to long-term. ForBlack Smoke the effects only has been calculated to short-term.Results: The daily levels of PM10 from exceeding 50 µg/m3 inBilbao, Madrid and Sevilla cause the earlier death of 1.4/100,000individuals per year because its effects. The effect within a period ofup to 40 days following exposure is of 2.8 deaths/100,000. The totalnumber of deaths per year which may be later due to long-term exposureif the yearly average is lowered to 20 µg/m3 is 68/100,000.Conclusions: The health impact of the current air pollutionlevels is quantifiable and is not insignificant. APHEIS and theimpact evaluations may be of aid in healthcare planning and environmentalpolicies
Subject(s)
Humans , Cities , Air Pollution/analysis , Air Pollutants/analysis , Environmental Exposure , Epidemiologic Studies , Public Health , SpainABSTRACT
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