The role of prison officers' regulation of inmates affect on their exposure to violent behaviours and the development of PTSD symptoms.

Background: Interactions with inmates are a major source of stress for prison officers. Given the conflicting nature of this relationship, violent behaviours towards prison officers are not uncommon, posing a threat to their psychological well-being. Objective: This study analyses the role that the strategies prison officers use to regulate inmates' emotions have on the frequency of inmates' violent behaviour and on the presence of posttraumatic stress symptoms in prison officers. Based on interactional models of emotional regulation, a model is proposed in which interpersonal regulation has an indirect effect on PTSD symptoms mediated by the response of the inmate. Method: A total of 424 prison officers employed at 5 Uruguayan prisons completed a questionnaire. Results: The results confirm that emotional regulation strategies are related to inmates' violent behaviour, which in turn affects prison officers' PTSD symptoms. In particular, prison officers use of strategies to improve inmates' affect reduces the level of inmate´s violent behaviours that mediate the negative relationship between affect-improving strategies and officers' PTSD symptoms. The mediating role of inmates' violent behaviour is also confirmed for the positive relationship between affect-worsening strategies and PTSD symptoms. Unexpected results for affect-worsening strategies suggest the presence of a conflict escalation cycle. Conclusion: The impact of the interpersonal regulation of the affect of inmates on the quality of prison officer-inmate relationships and on the exposure of prison officers to potentially traumatic violent events must be taken into account in the analysis of PTSD symptom development. The practical implications for the reduction of the exposure to potentially traumatic violent events and the prevention of PTSD symptoms among prison officers are discussed.

Antecedentes: Las interacciones con los reclusos son una fuente importante de estrés para los oficiales de prisiones. Dada la naturaleza conflictiva de esta relación, las conductas violentas contra los oficiales de prisiones no son infrecuentes, constituyendo un riesgo a su bienestar psicológico.Objetivo: Este estudio analiza el rol que desempeñan las estrategias empleadas por los oficiales de prisiones para regular las emociones de los reclusos sobre la frecuencia de la conducta violenta de los reclusos y sobre la presencia de síntomas de trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) en oficiales de prisiones. Basados en modelos de interacción de regulación emocional, se propone un modelo en el cual la regulación interpersonal tiene un efecto indirecto sobre los síntomas de TEPT mediados por las respuestas de los reclusos.Métodos: Un total de 424 oficiales de prisiones trabajadores de cinco prisiones uruguayas completaron un cuestionario.Resultados: Los resultados confirman que las estrategias de regulación emocional están relacionadas con la conducta violenta de los reclusos, lo cual, a su vez, afecta los síntomas de TEPT de los oficiales de prisiones. En particular, el uso de estrategias para mejorar el afecto de los reclusos por parte de los oficiales de las prisiones reduce el nivel de la conducta violenta de los reclusos que median la relación negativa entre las estrategias para mejorar el afecto y los síntomas de TEPT en los oficiales. El rol mediador del comportamiento violento de los reclusos también fue confirmado por la relación positiva entre las estrategias que empeoran los afectos y los síntomas de TEPT. Los resultados inesperados de estrategias que pueden empeorar el afecto sugieren la presencia de un ciclo de intensificación de conflictos.Conclusión: El impacto de la regulación interpersonal del afecto de los reclusos sobre la calidad de las relaciones entre ellos y los oficiales de prisiones, y sobre la exposición de los oficiales a eventos violentos potencialmente traumáticos deben ser considerados en el análisis del desarrollo de los síntomas de TEPT. Se discuten las implicaciones prácticas para la reducción de la exposición a eventos violentos potencialmente traumáticos y la prevención de los síntomas de TEPT en los oficiales de prisiones.

Validation of an Attributional and Distributive Justice Mediational Model on the Effects of Surface Acting on Emotional Exhaustion: An Experimental Study.

Previous research has shown that surface acting-displaying an emotion that is dissonant with inner feelings-negatively impacts employees' well-being. However, most studies have neglected the meaning that employees develop around emotional demands requiring surface acting. This study examined how employees' responsibility attributions of client behavior demanding surface acting influence employees' emotional exhaustion, and the mediational role of distributive justice in this relationship. Relying on Fairness Theory, it was expected that employees' responsibility attributions of client behavior demanding emotion regulation would be related to their perceptions of distributive injustice during the service encounter, which in turn would mediate the effects of responsibility attribution on emotional exhaustion. In addition, drawing on the conservation of resources model, we contended that leader support would moderate the impact of distributive injustice on emotional exhaustion. Two scenario-based experiments were conducted. Study 1 (N = 187) manipulated the attribution of responsibility for emotional demands. The findings showed that distributive injustice and emotional exhaustion were higher when responsibility for the surface acting demands was attributed to the client. A bootstrapping mediational analysis confirmed employees' attributions have an indirect effect on emotional exhaustion through distributive justice. Study 2 (N = 227) manipulated responsibility attribution and leader support. The leader support moderation effect was confirmed.

Fear of pain moderates the relationship between self-reported fatigue and methionine allele of catechol-O-methyltransferase gene in patients with fibromyalgia.

Previous research has shown a consistent association among genetic factors, psychological symptoms and pain associated with fibromyalgia. However, how these symptoms interact to moderate genetic factors in fibromyalgia has rarely been studied to date. The present research investigates whether psychological symptoms can moderate the effects of catechol-O-methyltransferase on pain and fatigue. A total of 108 women diagnosed with fibromyalgia and 77 healthy control participants took part in the study. Pain, fatigue, and psychological symptoms (anxiety, depression, pain catastrophizing, fear of pain and fear of movement) were measured by self-report questionnaires. Two types of statistical analyses were performed; the first was undertaken to explore the influences of COMT genotypes on clinical symptoms by comparing patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. In the second analysis, moderation analyses to explore the role of psychological symptoms as potential factors that moderate the relationship between pain/fatigue and COMT genotypes were performed. The main results indicated that patients carrying the Met/Met genotype reported significantly higher levels of fatigue than heterozygote carriers (i.e., Met/Val genotype) and higher levels of fatigue, but not significantly different, than Val homozygote carriers. Among patients with fibromyalgia carrying methionine alleles (i.e., Met/Met + Met/Val carriers), only those who scored high on medical fear of pain, experienced an intensified feeling of fatigue. Thus, the present research suggests that fear of pain, as a psychological symptom frequently described in fibromyalgia may act as a moderating factor in the relationship between the Met allele of the COMT gene and the increase or decrease in self-reported fatigue. Although further research with wider patient samples is needed to confirm the present findings, these results point out that the use of psychological interventions focused on affective symptomatology might be a useful tool to reduce the severity of fibromyalgia.

Corrigendum: Decreased Pain Perception by Unconscious Emotional Pictures.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01636.].

Corrigendum: Using interpersonal affect regulation in simulated healthcare consultations: an experimental investigation of self-control resource depletion.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01485.].

Evaluación de una intervención para la mejora de las competencias de regulación interpersonal del afecto y el bienestar laboral en una muestra de operadores penitenciarios del Uruguay / Evaluation of a Training Program aiming to Improve Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Strategies and Occupational Wellbeing in a Uruguayan Prison

Resumen Según estudios previos, el uso de estrategias controladas para la regulación interpersonal (ECRI) del afecto de otros orientadas a su mejora incrementa el bienestar de quien las emplea, mientras el uso de ECRI para empeorar el afecto lo deteriora. El consumo y recuperación de recursos de autoregulación de cada ECRI explican estos resultados. Mediante un diseño cuasiexperimental se evalúa la eficacia de la formación en ECRI para mejorar el bienestar en operadores de prisiones. Los resultados reflejan mayor bienestar y menor uso de ECRI de empeoramiento tras la formación (N= 21), al comparar con el grupo control (N= 18). No hubo diferencias para las ECRI de mejora. Los cambios en las ECRI de empeoramiento predicen negativamente cambios en el bienestar.

Abstract Previous research show a positive relationship between using IARS to improve other people's affect and the level of wellbeing of the agent implementing them, whereas using IARS to worsen other's affect can worsen the agent's wellbeing. These results can be explained as the balance between the self-control resources drained and recovered by each IARS. We evaluate the efficacy of a training program to increase prison officers' wellbeing and focused on IARS. Results, based on a quasi-experimental design, revealed a higher level of wellbeing and a lower increased on worsening strategies among the training participants (N=21), compared with a control group (N=18). Results were not significant for improving strategies. Changes in the use of IARS negatively predicted changes in wellbeing.

Work and health in Latin America: results from the working conditions surveys of Colombia, Argentina, Chile, Central America and Uruguay.

OBJECTIVE: To describe working and employment conditions, and health status between non-agricultural employees with a written contract from Colombia, Argentina, Chile, Central America and Uruguay. METHODS: We compared data from the first working condition surveys (WCS) of Colombia, Argentina, Chile, Central America and Uruguay. For comparative purposes, we selected a subsample of 15 241 non-agricultural employees aged 18-64 years and working with a written contract. We calculated prevalences and 95% CIs for the selected variables on working and employment conditions, and health status, separated by sex. RESULTS: Across all countries, at least 40% of women and 58% of men worked >40 hours a week. The most prevalent exposures were repetitive movements, followed by noise and manual handling, especially among men. Psychosocial exposures were very common among both sexes. Workers in Chile (33.4% of women and 16.6% of men) and Central America (24.3% of women and 19.1% of men) were more likely to report poor self-perceived health and were least likely to do so in Colombia (5.5% of women and 4.2% of men). The percentage of workers reporting occupational injuries was <10% across all countries. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides, for the first time, a broad picture of work and health in different Latin American countries, based on the national WCSs available. This allows for a better understanding of occupational health and could serve as a baseline for future research and surveillance of work and health in the Region. However, greater efforts are needed to improve WCSs comparability.

Decreased Pain Perception by Unconscious Emotional Pictures.

Pain perception arises from a complex interaction between a nociceptive stimulus and different emotional and cognitive factors, which appear to be mediated by both automatic and controlled systems. Previous evidence has shown that whereas conscious processing of unpleasant stimuli enhances pain perception, emotional influences on pain under unaware conditions are much less known. The aim of the present study was to investigate the modulation of pain perception by unconscious emotional pictures through an emotional masking paradigm. Two kinds of both somatosensory (painful and non-painful) and emotional stimulation (negative and neutral pictures) were employed. Fifty pain-free participants were asked to rate the perception of pain they were feeling in response to laser-induced somatosensory stimuli as faster as they can. Data from pain intensity and reaction times were measured. Statistical analyses revealed a significant effect for the interaction between pain and emotional stimulation, but surprisingly this relationship was opposite to expected. In particular, lower pain intensity scores and longer reaction times were found in response to negative images being strengthened this effect for painful stimulation. Present findings suggest a clear pain perception modulation by unconscious emotional contexts. Attentional capture mechanisms triggered by unaware negative stimulation could explain this phenomenon leading to a withdrawal of processing resources from pain.

[Basic questionnaire and methodological criteria for Surveys on Working Conditions, Employment, and Health in Latin America and the Caribbean]. / Cuestionario básico y criterios metodológicos para las Encuestas sobre Condiciones de Trabajo, Empleo y Salud en América Latina y el Caribe.

This article aimed to present a basic questionnaire and minimum methodological criteria for consideration in future Surveys on Working Conditions, Employment, and Health in Latin America and the Caribbean. A virtual and face-to-face consensus process was conducted with participation by a group of international experts who used the surveys available up until 2013 as the point of departure for defining the proposal. The final questionnaire included 77 questions grouped in six dimensions: socio-demographic characteristics of workers and companies; employment conditions; working conditions; health status; resources and preventive activities; and family characteristics. The minimum methodological criteria feature the interviewee's home as the place for the interview and aspects related to the quality of the fieldwork. These results can help improve the comparability of future surveys in Latin America and the Caribbean, which would in turn help improve information on workers' heath in the region.

Cuestionario básico y criterios metodológicos para las Encuestas sobre Condiciones de Trabajo, Empleo y Salud en América Latina y el Caribe / Basic questionnaire and methodological criteria for Surveys on Working Conditions, Employment, and Health in Latin America and the Caribbean / Questionário básico e critérios metodológicos para as Pesquisas sobre Condições de Trabalho, Emprego e Saúde na América Latina e Caribe

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un cuestionario básico y criterios metodológicos mínimos, para ser considerados en futuras Encuestas sobre Condiciones de Trabajo, Empleo y Salud (ECTES) en América Latina y el Caribe. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un proceso de consenso, tanto virtual como presencial, con la participación de un grupo internacional de expertos que, para definir la propuesta, partieron de las encuestas disponibles en la región hasta 2013. El cuestionario final incluyó 77 preguntas agrupadas en seis dimensiones: características sociodemográficas del trabajador y la empresa; condiciones de empleo; condiciones de trabajo; estado de salud; recursos y actividades preventivas; y características familiares. Entre los criterios metodológicos mínimos destacan el domicilio de la persona entrevistada como lugar de la entrevista y los relacionados con la calidad del trabajo de campo. Estos resultados pueden ayudar a mejorar la comparabilidad de las futuras ECTES en América Latina y el Caribe, lo que contribuiría a mejorar la información en salud laboral en la región.

Abstract: This article aimed to present a basic questionnaire and minimum methodological criteria for consideration in future Surveys on Working Conditions, Employment, and Health in Latin America and the Caribbean. A virtual and face-to-face consensus process was conducted with participation by a group of international experts who used the surveys available up until 2013 as the point of departure for defining the proposal. The final questionnaire included 77 questions grouped in six dimensions: socio-demographic characteristics of workers and companies; employment conditions; working conditions; health status; resources and preventive activities; and family characteristics. The minimum methodological criteria feature the interviewee's home as the place for the interview and aspects related to the quality of the fieldwork. These results can help improve the comparability of future surveys in Latin America and the Caribbean, which would in turn help improve information on workers' heath in the region.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um questionário básico e critérios metodológicos mínimos, para serem considerados em futuras pesquisas sobre Condições de Trabalho, Emprego e Saúde (ECTES) na América Latina e Caribe. Para tal, foi realizado um processo de consenso, tanto virtual como presencial, com a participação de um grupo internacional de expertos que, para definir a proposta, partiram das pesquisas disponíveis na região até 2013. O questionário final incluiu 77 perguntas agrupadas em seis dimensões: características sociodemográficas do trabalhador e a empresa; condições de emprego; condições de trabalho; estado de saúde; recursos e atividades preventivas; assim como características familiares. Entre os critérios metodológicos mínimos destacam-se o domicílio da pessoa entrevistada como lugar da entrevista e os relacionados com a qualidade do trabalho de campo. Estes resultados podem ajudar a melhorar a comparabilidade das futuras ECTES na América Latina e Caribe, o que contribuiria para melhorar a informação sobre saúde do trabalhador na região.

Using interpersonal affect regulation in simulated healthcare consultations: an experimental investigation of self-control resource depletion.

Controlled Interpersonal Affect Regulation -the process of deliberately influencing the internal feeling states of others- occurs in a variety of interpersonal relationships and contexts. An incipient corpus of research shows that interpersonal affect regulation can be characterized as a goal-directed behavior that uses self-control processes which, according to the strength model of self-regulation, consumes a limited resource that is also used by other self-control processes. Using interpersonal affect-improving and affect-worsening regulation strategies can increase agent's resource depletion but there is reason to think that effects will partially rely on target's feedback in response to the regulation. Using a healthcare paradigm, an experiment was conducted to test the combined effects of interpersonal affect regulation use and patient feedback on healthcare workers' resource depletion, measured as self-reported experienced and expected emotional exhaustion, and persistence on a self-regulation task. Medical students (N = 78) were randomly assigned to a 2(interpersonal affect regulation: affect-worsening vs. affect-improving) × 2(patients' feedback: positive vs. negative) factorial between-subjects design and given instructions to play the role of doctors in interactions with two professional actors trained to act as patients. Analysis of covariance showed that affect-worsening was more depleting than affect-improving for all measures, whereas the recovery effects of positive feedback varied depending on strategy type and measure. The findings confirm the characterization of interpersonal affect regulation as potentially depleting, but suggest that the correspondence between the agent's strategy and the target's response needs to be taken into consideration. Use of affect-improving and positive feedback showed positive effects on self-rated performance, indicating that interpersonal affect regulation is relevant for organizational as well as personal outcomes.

The association between controlled interpersonal affect regulation and resource depletion.

BACKGROUND: This investigation focuses on what occurs to individuals' self-regulatory resource during controlled Interpersonal Affect Regulation (IAR) which is the process of deliberately influencing the internal feeling states of others. Combining the strength model of self-regulation and the resources conservation model, the investigation tested whether: (1) IAR behaviors are positively related to ego-depletion because goal-directed behaviors demand self-regulatory processes, and (2) the use of affect-improving strategies benefits from a source of resource-recovery because it initiates positive feedback from targets, as proposed from a resource-conservation perspective. METHOD: To test this, a lab study based on an experimental dual-task paradigm using a sample of pairs of friends in the UK and a longitudinal field study of a sample of healthcare workers in Spain were conducted. RESULTS: The experimental study showed a depleting effect of interpersonal affect-improving IAR on a subsequent self-regulation task. The field study showed that while interpersonal affect-worsening was positively associated with depletion, as indicated by the level of emotional exhaustion, interpersonal affect-improving was only associated with depletion after controlling for the effect of positive feedback from clients. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that IAR does have implications for resource depletion, but that social reactions play a role in the outcome.

Perceptions of employment relations and permanence in the organization: mediating effects of affective commitment in relations of psychological contract and intention to quit.

Working conditions in call/contact centers influence employees' perceptions of their relations with the organization and their attitudes to work. Such perceptions can be analyzed through the psychological contract. The association between the relational/transactional orientation of the psychological contract and intention to quit the organization was examined, as well as the mediating role of affective commitment in employment relations. Data were collected from 973 employees in a cross-sectional survey. Analysis confirmed that there was a statistically significant relation between the orientation of the psychological contract and intention to quit, which was positive for transactionally oriented and negative for relationally oriented contracts. A mediating role for affective commitment was also confirmed, and a full mediating effect was reported for both orientations.

The source of display rules and their effects on primary health care professionals' well-being.

Employees' perceptions of the emotional requirements of their work role are considered a necessary antecedent of emotion work. The impact of these requirements on the emotions employees display, their well-being, and their clients' satisfaction has been explored in previous research. Emotional requirements have been characterized as organizationally-based expectations (e.g., Brotheridge & Lee, 2003), formal and informal organizational rules (e.g., Cropanzano, Weiss & Elias, 2004), occupational norms (e.g., Rafaeli & Sutton, 1987; Smith & Kleinman, 1989) and job-based demands (Brotheridge & Lee, 2002). Although all these definitions assume some kind of shared source for perceptions of emotional requirements, it remains unclear to what extent these different sources contribute and to what extent the requirements are shared by different units, teams and individuals in the organization. The present study analyses the perception of emotional requirements from a survey of ninety-seven Primary Health Care teams composed of general practitioners, nurses and administrative staff (N = 1057). The relative contribution of different sources of variance (team, organizational, and occupational) to perceived emotional requirements and the effects on employees' job satisfaction and well being are examined. Results confirm the relevance of the source and show the contribution of emotional demands to prediction of emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction levels.

The Source of Display Rules and their Effects on Primary Health Care Professionals’ Well-Being

Employees’ perceptions of the emotional requirements of their work role are considered a necessary antecedent of emotion work. The impact of these requirements on the emotions employees display, their well-being, and their clients' satisfaction has been explored in previous research. Emotional requirements have been characterized as organizationally based expectations (e.g., Brotheridge & Lee, 2003), formal and informal organizational rules (e.g., Cropanzano, Weiss & Elias, 2004), occupational norms (e.g., Rafaeli & Sutton, 1987; Smith & Kleinman, 1989) and job-based demands (Brotheridge & Lee, 2002). Although all these definitions assume some kind of shared source for perceptions of emotional requirements, it remains unclear to what extent these different sources contribute and to what extent the requirements are shared by different units, teams and individuals in the organization. The present study analyses the perception of emotional requirements from a survey of ninety-seven Primary Health Care teams composed of general practitioners, nurses and administrative staff (N = 1057). The relative contribution of different sources of variance(team, organizational, and occupational) to perceived emotional requirements and the effects on employees' job satisfaction and well being are examined. Results confirm the relevance of the source and show the contribution of emotional demands to prediction of emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction levels (AU)

La percepción de demandas emocionales asociadas al rol laboral es una condición necesaria para que tenga lugar el trabajo emocional. La investigación precedente ha explorado el impacto que este tipo de demandas sobre la expresión emocional de los empleados tiene sobre su bienestar y sobre la satisfacción de los clientes. Las demandas emocionales han sido caracterizadas como expectativas organizacionales (p.ej., Brotheridge & Lee, 2003), reglas organizacionales informales y formales (p.ej., Cropanzano, Weiss & Elias, 2004), normas propias de una profesión u ocupación (p.ej., Rafaeli & Sutton, 1987; Smith & Kleinman, 1989) y como demandas ligadas al puesto (Brotheridge & Lee, 2002). A pesar de que todas estas definiciones asumen que la percepción que un empleado tiene de las demandas emocionales no es única, sino compartida como consecuencia de un origen común (la organización, el grupo profesional o el puesto), todavía no ha sido explorado en qué medida cada una de las fuentes propuestas contribuyen a crear esas demandas ni hasta qué punto la percepción de las mismas es compartida por las diferentes unidades, equipos e individuos que integran una organización. El estudio analiza la percepción de demandas emocionales en una muestra de noventa y siete Centros de Salud en Atención Primaria compuestos por Médicos de Familia, Diplomados Universitarios en Enfermería y Auxiliares Administrativos (N=1057). Los análisis realizados determinan la contribución relativa de las diferentes fuentes de variación (equipo, ocupación y organización) a la percepción de demandas emocionales y la asociación de dicha percepción con los niveles de satisfacción y bienestar laboral. Los resultados confirman la relevancia de las fuentes propuestas y la contribución significativa de las demandas emocionales a la predicción del agotamiento emocional y la satisfacción laboral (AU)

Contrastación del modelo de inversión de Rusbult en una muestra de casados y divorciados / A replication of Rusbult' s investment model in a sample of married and divorce people

Este estudio examina la capacidad del modelo de inversión propuesto por Rusbult para diferenciar entre individuos en relaciones estables e individuos en relaciones inestables, así como la capacidad de las variables del modelo (satisfacción matrimonial, inversión y relaciones alternativas) para predecir el compromiso y la estabilidad de las relaciones matrimoniales. Los datos sobre las variables del modelo, obtenidos por medio de un cuestionario, se recogieron en una muestra compuesta por 90 personas casadas y 98 personas divorciados. Los resultados confirman la relevancia de la satisfacción matrimonial para el compromiso con la relación, y de este último en la predicción de la estabilidad matrimonial. La percepción de las relaciones alternativas como mejores que la actual, y no su disponibilidad, correlacionó negativa y significativamente con el compromiso. Las variables de inversión no resultaron significativas en la predicción del compromiso, no siendo incluidas en la ecuación de regresión (AU)

This study asseses the ability of the Rusbult’s investment model to discriminate between people in stable relationships and unstable relationships, and the capacity of its variables (marital satisfaction, investment and alternative relationships) to predict commitment and stability in marital relationships. A sample of 90 married and 98 divorced subjects completed the questionnaire assesing these variables. The results indicate the relationship among marital satisfaction for commitment to the marital relationship and that the later functions as a predictor of marital stability. The perception of alternative relationships as being better than the present one, and not the actual availability of one, showed a significant and negative correlation with commitment. Investment variables were not significant predictors of marital stability, and they were not included in regresion equation (AU)

Estrés traumático secundario en recursos humanos en salud: concepciones teóricas y presentación de estudio descriptivo en el Hospital Vilardebó / Secondary traumatic stress in human resources in health: theoretical conceptions and presentation of descriptive study in Vilardebó Hospital

El objetivo de la presentación es transmitir concepciones teóricas y conceptuales sobre el Estrés Traumático Secundario y presentar un estudio de prevalencia realizado con RHS del Hospital Vilardebó. El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia del Estrés Traumático Secundario en los profesionales que desempeñan su actividad laboral en el Hospital Vilardebó y confirmar su relación con otros procesos psicológicos y estrategias conductuales descritas en la literatura científica como relevantes para su evolución. Para ello se desarrolló un estudio de campo basado en una metodología de encuesta con un diseño transversal. Los participantes fueron 82 trabajadores y el acceso a la muestra fue de tipo incidental, no probabilístico. Se encontró una prevalencia considerable de ETS entre los participantes en el estudio. Aproximadamente 4 de cada 10 participantes presenta alta frecuencia de conductas intrusivas, evitativas y de activación, propias ETS. En esta muestra, el porcentaje de mujeres con la afección fue más de cinco veces mayor que en los varones. Se confirmó la asociación de tipo negativo con el Mindfulness, la Separación Emocional, las Conductas de Autocuidado, el Recovery y Realización Personal. Por otra parte, se confirmaron relaciones positivas con la historia de trauma personal del trabajador, la frecuencia de exposición a contenidos traumáticos de los usuarios, los niveles de agotamiento emocional y despersonalización. Los autores sugieren tener en consideración las limitaciones del estudio a la hora de extrapolar las conclusiones a la población objetivo. Se plantean recomendaciones estratégicas a los administradores en RHS para el diseño de programas de intervención en salud que tengan en cuenta el desgaste producto de llevar a cabo actividades laborales con población traumatizada. Por otra parte, se considera fundamental continuar realizando estudios relacionados con el ETS tanto para estimar los niveles de prevalencia en los diferentes servicios de salud como para poder establecer relaciones de causalidad entre las variables y el desarrollo del fenómeno estudiado. (AU)