ABSTRACT
The neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is grown mainly for shade, fuel, and numerous non-timber forest products using its leaves, fruit, and bark. It produces an essential oil that is used as a source for obtaining bioinsecticides, with a broad spectrum of action in agricultural production. Its bioinsecticidal activity is due to the presence of triterpenes, such as azadirachtin, a product in continued growth of the global biopesticide market. Optimal conditions for neem oil extraction using response surface methodology (RSM) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods have been defined. However, the extraction conditions for these methods tend to consume high volumes of organic solvent and long extraction times. The aim of the present study is to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction of azadirachtin from neem seeds in a hydroalcoholic medium using MAE and RSM with a Box-Behnken design (BBD). A BBD was applied to evaluate the effects of the factors, magnetron voltage (X1), extraction time (X2), and pH of the extraction medium (X3), on the yield of the azadirachtin extraction process. The effect of each variable on the extraction yield was studied independently, considering the pure coefficients (linear and quadratic) on the three levels that were studied in the experiments. Moreover, the study experiments were conducted in triplicate, data were presented as mean and standard deviation, homogeneity of variances was estimated using Levene's test, and a two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc analysis was performed to identify the experimental conditions that allowed us to find the highest extraction yield and to analyze whether the response surface model adequately described our data. The most significant effects of the model correspond to quadratic and interaction effects (p < 0.0001); the quadratic terms voltage (X1), extraction time (X2), and pH (X3); and the interaction effects between voltage-pH (X1*X3) and time-pH (X2*X3), which had a significant influence on the model. Moreover, a canonical analysis was performed. The optimal conditions were as follows: 69.22 V, 6.89 min, and a pH value of 4.35, coinciding with the zones shown in the contour plots. Furthermore, the response obtained at the optimal conditions was 37.5 µg of azadirachtin per gram of pretreated seed.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir los modelos de gestión del cuidado de enfermería en servicios de atención primaria en salud. Metodología: Se empleó el paradigma positivista desde la perspectiva cuantitativa, apoyada en la revisión documental-bibliográfica, lo que contribuyó a la recolección de la información mediante la indagación exhaustiva y critica de artículos arbitrados, tesis y bibliografías especializadas, logrando cumplir los objetivos planteados por los investigadores, contribuyendo a la generación de conocimiento. Resultados: Se describen la Gestión Integral de Riesgo, Gestión Clínica, Modelos Comunitarios de Salud Familiar, Adaptación de Sor Callista Roy. En conclusión: La atención primaria de salud juega un rol de gran importancia en los diferentes países del mundo, ya que mediante la gestión de políticas públicas en materia de salud, se previenen en gran medida las enfermedades y su complicación, se destaca la función de los profesionales de enfermería como los principales promotores del cuidado, de forma integral, de las personas sanas y enfermas.
ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the models of nursing care management in primary health care services. Methodology: The positivist paradigm was used from the quantitative perspective, supported by the documentary-bibliographic review, which contributed to the collection of information through the exhaustive and critical inquiry of refereed articles, theses and specialized bibliography, achieving the objectives set by the researchers, contributing to the generation of knowledge. Results: Integrated Risk Management, Clinical Management, Community Models Family Health, Adaptation of Sister Callista Roy are described. In conclusion: Primary health care plays a role of great importance in the different countries of the world, since through the management of public health policies, diseases and their complications are largely prevented, and the role of nursing professionals as the main promoters of comprehensive care for healthy and sick people is emphasized.
